LIBRARY 

OF  THK 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


o  f 


THE  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


THE  SYNTAX 


OF 


HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


STATISTICS  AND  SELECTED  EXAMPLES  ARRANGED 

UNDER  GRAMMATICAL  HEADINGS  AND  IN 

ORDER  OF  OCCURRENCE  BY 

FIFTY  COLLABORATORS 


EDITED  BY 

LEE  BYRNE 

CENTRAL  HIGH  SCHOOL,  ST.  LOUIS 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY. 

OF 


CHICAGO 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
1909 


ftEHEBM. 


COPYRIGHT  1909  BY 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 


Published  August  1909 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press 

Chicago,  Illinois,  U.  S.  A. 


COLLABORATORS 

Virginia  Alexander,  West  High  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 

E.  H.  Atherton,  Girls'  Latin  School,  Boston 

A.  B.  Babbitt,  DeLancey  School,  Philadelphia 

Florence  Backus,  Keokuk  High  School,  Iowa 

A.  E.  Bartlett,  Central  High  School,  Detroit 

Fred  O.  Bates,  Central  High  School,  Detroit 

Augusta  J.  Boone,  Meriden  High  School,  Connecticut 

Louise  M.  Breitenbach,  Detroit  Home  and  Day  School 

Letta  Brock,  Champaign  High  School,  Illinois 

Lee  Byrne,  Central  High  School,  St.  Louis 

H.  D.  Cannon,  Male  High  School,  Louisville 

W.  L.  Carr,  Shortridge  High  School,  Indianapolis 

Olive  B.  Catlin,  Girls'  High  School,  Louisville 

John  Charles,  Wichita  High  School,  Kansas 

Emma  K.  Clark,  Girls'  High  School,  Brooklyn 

C.  C.  Cobb,  Marshall  High  School,  Chicago 

W.  F.  Dales,  Central  High  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mildred  Dean,  Central  High  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alice  M.  Donnelly,  Woodward  High  School,  Cincinnati 

Nettie  Fillmore,  Woodward  High  School,  Cincinnati 

E.  L.  Findley,  East  High  School,  Cleveland 

Mary  R.  Fitzpatrick,  East  Division  High  School,  Brooklyn 

E.  W.  Given,  Newark  Academy,  New  Jersey 

J.  F.  Hall,  Tempe  Normal  School,  Arizona 

A.  Z.  Hartman,  Baltimore  City  College 

W.  L.  Hartman,  Perkiomen  Seminary,  Pennsburg,  Pennsylvania 

J.  C.  Hazzard,  Portland  Academy,  Oregon 

Mabel  C.  Hawes,  Central  High  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Kate  Healy,  Fort  Dodge  High  School,  Iowa 

W.  W.  King,  Newark  High  School,  New  Jersey 

Myra  E.  Matthews,  Orange  High  School,  New  Jersey 

C.  J.  Mendelsohn,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York 

Mary  L.  Miner,  East  High  School,  Detroit 

A.  Muntsch,  St.  Louis  University 

E.  W.  Murray,  University  of  Kansas 

Elizabeth  M.  Perkins,  Vassar  College 

John  A.  Peters,  Central  High  School,  Detroit 

J.  L.  Phillips,  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Massachusetts 

Henry  Preble,  Harvard  University 


188496 


vi  COLLABORATORS 

A.  S.  Rainey,  Central  High  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Cornelia  M.  Raymond,  Springfield  High  School,  Massachusetts 

Lizzie  C.  Smith,  Wendell  Phillips  High  School,  Chicago 

Zina  D.  Snyder,  Central  High  School,  Minneapolis 

Roland  H.  Tanner,  Central  High  School,  Cleveland 

H.  F.  Taylor,  Shortridge  High  School,  Indianapolis 

A.  T.  Walker,  University  of  Kansas 

Grace  M.  Warner,  Moline  High  School,  Illinois 

G.  A.  Whipple,  Evanston  High  School,  Illinois 

Martha  Whitney,  University  of  Kansas 

Julia  E.  Winslow,  Girls'  High  School,  Brooklyn 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY, 

OF 


PREFACE 

This  book  presents  statistics  of  syntax  in  four  books  of  Caesar,  six 
orations  of  Cicero,  and  six  books  of  Vergil,  together  with  a  selection 
of  five  examples  of  each  construction  in  each  author,  arranged  syste- 
matically, and  the  same  examples  arranged  also  in  the  order  of  their 
occurrence  in  the  texts.  It  aims  to  do  for  syntax  what  Professor 
Lodge's  Vocabulary  of  High  School  Latin  does  for  vocabulary,  furnish- 
ing in  conjunction  with  the  latter  work,  it  is  hoped,  a  scientific  basis 
for  procedure  both  as  to  choice  of  material  and  its  distribution  in  the 
course  of  study. 

We  have  met  with  some  difficulties  not  encountered  by  Professor 
Lodge.  While  a  word  is  always  a  definite  word,  a  construction  in 
syntax  is  sometimes  capable  of  more  than  one  interpretation;  in  such 
cases  the  personal  equation  has  to  be  admitted  to  the  extent  of  classi- 
fying one  way  or  the  other.  This  will  not  seriously  affect  the  general 
value  of  the  statistics  in  indicating  choice  and  arrangement  of  material. 

The  classification  of  constructions* was  begun  with  an  unbiased 
examination  of  the  text  itself;  yet  in  the  end  conventional  categories 
of  current  grammars  have  usually  been  employed  as  most  serviceable 
in  practical  instruction. 

We  have  not  been  able  to  attain  completeness,  having  left  out  of  the 
count  principles  of  agreement  (including  appositional  and  predicate 
construction),  uses  of  pronouns,  meanings  of  tenses,  and  word  order. 
Yet  we  trust  a  sufficiently  near  approach  to  completeness  has  been 
made  to  form  a  useful  guide. 

As  noted  by  Professor  Lodge,  the  preparation  of  such  works  as 
this  is  not  an  indication  of  belief  that  the  school  classics  are  irrevo- 
cably fixed  as  Caesar,  Cicero,  and  Vergil.  Let  the  present  classics 
be  changed  if  something  better  be  found,  but  in  that  case  we  hope  that 
similar  statistics  will  be  prepared  to  enable  teachers  to  proceed  intelli- 
gently. 

That  we  have  made  no  errors  out  of  nearly  50,000  judgments  would 
be  too  much  to  assume.  Notice  of  mistakes  and  omissions  will  be 
filed  for  future  correction.  If  others  later  perform  such  work  better, 
we  shall  be  glad  to  avail  ourselves  of  the  improved  results. 


vin  PREFACE 

All  references  are  to  the  Teubner  texts  of  the  authors.  Meusel's 
text  of  Caesar  was  originally  employed,  but  the  numbers  were  later 
changed  to  those  of  Teubner,  as  the  text  likely  to  be  in  the  hands  of 
most  teachers. 

We  have  used  freely  Heynacher's  Sprachgebrauch  Caesars,  and  his 
Beitrdge  zur  zeitgemdssen  Behandlung  der  lateinischen  Grammatik; 
Holder's  index  to  Caesar;  Meusel's  Lexicon  Caesarianum;  Merguet's 
Lexicon  to  Cicero's  Orations;  Lodge's  Vocabulary  of  High  School 
Latin,  and  his  Helps  for  the  Teaching  of  Caesar,  including  W.  F. 
Little's  Studies  in  the  Syntax  of  Caesar's  " Gallic  War;"  Walker's 
Sequence  of  Tenses  in  Latin;  and  various  articles.  Most  useful 
has  been  Heynacher's  Sprachgebrauch.  Special  thanks  are  due 
Messrs.  W.  L.  Carr  and  H.  F.  Taylor  of  the  Shortridge  High 
School,  Indianapolis,  who,  being  engaged  upon  collections  of  their 
own,  have  given  us  much  help  in  several  places.  Mr.  E.  S.  Arm- 
strong of  Central  High  School  has  kindly  read  the  proofs.  Mr. 
H.  F.  Pratt  of  the  commercial  department  has  verified  numerical 
computations. 

The  list  of  individual  contributions  by  subjects  is  as  follows: 

Nominative  and  Vocative:  B.  G.  i  and  ii,  J.  L.  Phillips;  iii  and  iv, 
W.  L.  Carr;  Cat.  i-iv,  H.  F.  Taylor;  Pomp,  and  Arch.,  H.  Preble; 
Aen.  i  and  ii,  C.  C.  Cobb;  iii  and  iv,  Nettie  Fillmore;  v  and  vi,  L. 
Byrne. 

Genitive:  B.  G.  i  and  ii,  J.  L.  Phillips;  iii  and  iv,  W.  L.  Carr; 
Cat.  i-iv,  H.  F.  Taylor;  Pomp,  and  Arch.,  H.  Preble;  Vergil,  J.  C. 
Hazzard. 

Dative:  B.  G.  i  and  ii,  J.  L.  Phillips;  iii  and  iv,  W.  L.  Carr;  Cat. 
i-iii  and  Aen.  i-iii,  W.  L.  Hartman;  Cat.  iv,  H.  F.  Taylor;  Pomp., 
H.  Preble  and  A.  E.  Bartlett;  Arch.,  Elizabeth  M.  Perkins  and 
A.  E.  Bartlett;  Aen.  iv,  Nettie  Fillmore;  v,  J.  Charles;  vi,  C.  C. 
Cobb. 

Accusative:  B.  G.  i  and  ii,  J.  L.  Phillips;  iii  and  iv,  W.  L.  Carr; 
Cat.  i-iii  and  Aen.  i-iii,  W.  L.  Hartman;  Cat.  iv,  Pomp.,  and  Arch., 
and  Aen.  iv-vi,  A.  Muntsch.  a 

Ablative  and  Locative:  B.  G.  i  and  ii,  J.  L.  Phillips;  iii  and  iv, 
W.  L.  Carr;  Cat.  i-iv,  H.  F.  Taylor;  Pomp.,  Arch.,  and  Aen.  v,  vi, 
H.  Preble;  Aen.  i-iv,  L.  Byrne. 


PREFACE  ix 

Tenses:  Caesar,  A.  T.  Walker;  Cicero,  Martha  Whitney  and 
A.  T.  Walker;  Vergil,  E.  W.  Murray  and  A.  T.  Walker. 

Independent  Clauses:  Caesar,  W.  L.  Carr  and  L.  Byrne;  Cat.  i 
and  Arch.,  Kate  Healy;  Cat.  ii-iv,  Cornelia  Raymond;  Pomp. 
and  Arch.,  Augusta  J.  Boone;  Aen.  i-iv,  Elizabeth  M.  Perkins;  v, 
J.  A.  Peters;  vi,  Mabel  C.  Hawes. 

Substantive  Clauses:  Caesar,  W.  L.  Carr  and  L.  Byrne;  Cat.  i, 
Pomp.,  and  Aen.  i-v,  A.  E.  Bartlett;  Cat.  ii-iv  and  Arch.,  Mary  L. 
Miner;  Aen.  vi,  Elizabeth  M.  Perkins. 

Relative  Clauses:  Caesar,  W.  L.  Carr  and  L.  Byrne;  Cicero,  J.  F. 
Hall;  Aen.  i,  ii,  iv,  v,  Mary  R.  Fitzpatrick;  ii,  v,  vi,  W.  F.  Dales;  iii, 
E.  H.  Atherton;  iv,  W.  W.  King. 

Adverbial  Clauses — Miscellaneous:  B.  G.  i,  iii,  iv,  W.  L.  Carr  and 
L.  Byrne;  ii  and  Pomp.,  G.  A.  Whipple;  Cat.  i,  ii,  iv,  and  Arch., 
A.  B.  Babbitt;  Cat.  iii,  Virginia  Alexander;  Vergil,  Elizabeth  M. 
Perkins. 

Purpose  and  Result:  B.  G.  i,  Letta  Brock;  ii-iv,  W.  L.  Carr  and 
L.  Byrne;  Cat.  i,  ii,  iv,  Pomp.,  and  Arch.,  Emma  K.  Clark;  Cat.  iii, 
Mildred  Dean;  Aen.  i,  Florence  Backus;  i-v,  A.  Z.  Hartman;  vi, 
H.  D.  Cannon. 

Cww-Clauses:  Caesar,  W.  L.  Carr  and  L.  Byrne;  Cat.  i-iv,  C.  C. 
Cobb;  Pomp,  and  Arch.,  Julia  E.  Winslow;  Vergil,  J.  Charles. 

Time  and  Proviso:  Caesar,  W.  L.  Carr  and  L.  Byrne;  Cat.  i,  iii, 
iv,  Pomp.,  and  Arch.,  Louise  M.  Breitenbach;  Cat.  ii,  E.  L.  Findley; 
Vergil,  Alice  M.  Donnelly. 

Cause  and  Concession:  B.  G.  i,  iii,  iv,  W.  L.  Carr  and  L.  Byrne; 
ii,  Grace  M.  Warner;  Cat.  i,  ii,  iv,  A.  B.  Babbitt;  iii,  Zina  D.  Snyder; 
Pomp.,  Arch.,  and  Aen.  ii,  iv,  E.  W.  Given;  Aen.  i,  iii,  R.  H.  Tanner; 
v,  vi,  Olive  B.  Catlin. 

Conditions  and  Comparison:  Caesar,  W.  L.  Carr  and  L.  Byrne; 
Cat.  i,  iii,  iv,  Pomp.,  Arch.,  and  Aen.  ii,  Lizzie  C.  Smith;  Cat.  ii,  F.  O. 
Bates;  Aen.  i,  iii,  iv,  vi,  Nettie  Fillmore;  v,  A.  S.  Rainey. 

Infinitives,  Participles,  Gerund,  and  Supine:  L.  Byrne. 


CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION i 

STATISTICS 7 

NOTES  ON  STATISTICS;   EXPLANATION  OF  CATEGORIES    .       .  15 

DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE  COURSE  OF  STUDY 23 

SELECTED  EXAMPLES  ARRANGED  UNDER  GRAMMATICAL  HEADINGS  31 

THE  SAME  EXAMPLES  IN  ORDER  OF  OCCURRENCE         ...  43 


INTRODUCTION 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 


INTRODUCTION 

Classical  instruction  has  suffered  much  from  the  illusion  of  com- 
pleteness. The  writer  of  a  grammar  strives  to  establish  a  complete 
system  of  grammar.  This  is  fitting,  as  a  book  of  reference  is  desired 
to  which  one  may  go  for  the  explanation  of  any  construction.  But  it 
is  an  error  to  follow  a  similar  ideal  of  completeness  in  the  teaching 
of  high-school  Latin,  whether  in  connection  with  reading  or  compo- 
sition. Our  aims  are  defeated  if,  as  is  alleged,  an  unsurmountable 
barrier  is  raised  between  the  average  student  and  the  authors. 

The  end  should  not  be  confused  with  the  means.  Vocabulary 
and  forms  and  syntax  hold  a  place  in  classical  instruction  only  as  a 
means,  and  the  end  (on  the  linguistic  side)  is  a  power  to  read  the 
language.  Witness  President  Butler  in  his  Function  of  the  Secondary 
School: 

The  greatest  value  of  the  classics  is  found  in  the  ability  to  read  and  under- 
stand the  great  poets,  philosophers  and  historians  who  wrote  for  all  time  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin  tongues.  To  know  something  of  the  spirit  of  Sophocles,  Demos- 
thenes, and  Plato;  of  Cicero,  Horace,  and  Tacitus;  and  to  understand  the  civili- 
zation and  points  of  view  that  they  represent,  are  from  one  point  of  view  almost 
enough  to  give  the  fortunate  one  a  claim  to  culture. 

Syntax  should  not  be  exalted  unconsciously  or  uncritically  to  the 
first  place,  and  Latin  literature  treated  merely  as  a  means  with  which 
to  build  up  a  complete  system  of  grammar.  The  great  aim,  the  read- 
ing of  Latin,  should  be  kept  clearly  in  mind. 

Is  it  true  that  we  have  allowed  details  of  syntax  too  large  a  place  ? 
President  Butler  alludes  to  "Bad  and  wasteful  methods  of  classical 
teaching,  much  of  it  done  under  the  guise  of  thoroughness."  His 
verdict  is  that  "wearisome  grammatical  drill  and  tedious  reiteration 
of  details  relatively  of  little  value,  save  in  so  far  as  these  are  absolutely 
necessary  to  enable  the  pupil  to  read  intelligently,  are  out  of  place 
in  secondary  education."  Nor  should  we  neglect  the  impression 
that  all  this  makes  upon  the  student,  graduate,  and  layman.  Keller, 
"The  Case  of  Greek,"  in  the  June  (1908)  Atlantic  assures  us  that 
"that  which  is  most  in  the  eyes  of  adverse  opinion  ....  is  .... 
the  unnecessary  and  unessential."  It  is  incumbent  upon  us  to 

3 


4  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

determine  what  portions  of  syntax  actually  contribute  to  the  reading 
that  we  are  doing,  and  which  contribute  the  most.  The  domain  of 
syntax  is  so  large  that  its  exclusive  study  might  easily  occupy  the 
whole  high-school  period.  The  time  and  energy  of  students  should 
be  carefully  guarded,  and  only  such  matters  admitted  from  the  field 
of  syntax,  or  of  linguistics  in  general,  as  do  surely  and  largely  contrib- 
ute to  the  securing  of  a  reading  knowledge. 

Mr.  Keller  again:  "The  comparative  cost  is  exorbitant  and  well 
nigh  prohibitive.  The  vital  question  is:  Can  it  be  lowered?" 
Critical  examination  and  evaluation  of  material  answer  the  question. 
Professor  Lodge's  Vocabulary  shows  that  42  per  cent,  of  the  words 
are  used  93 TV  per  cent,  of  the  time.  The  complete  list  of  words  is 
given  us  with  the  42  per  cent,  distinguished  so  that  by  concentrating 
upon  these  we  may  accomplish  93TV  per  cent,  of  the  result  with  42 
per  cent,  of  the  effort.  It  is  hoped  that,  in  the  department  of  syntax, 
benefits  similar,  if  not  so  large,  will  come  from  the  present  collabora- 
tion. The  number  of  constructions  examined  is  141.  These  are 
found  employed  in  49,361  instances.  But  as  sequence  of  indicative 
tenses  and  mixed  conditions  were  given  only  for  purposes  of  compari- 
son and  are  not  usually  taught  as  grammatical  categories,  this  really 
reduces  itself  to  137  constructions  employed  46,425  times.  Omitting 
constructions  used  less  than  5  times  by  any  author  (unless  the  total 
of  the  three  comes  to  10)  we  have  left  only  109  constructions  and 
these  are  employed  46,339  times  out  of  the  total  46,425.  That  is, 
79rV  Per  cent,  of  the  constructions  are  employed  in  99TV  per  cent,  of 
the  instances,  so  that  by  concentrating  on  this  selection  (indicated 
in  the  examples  by  large  type)  we  can  accomplish  99^  per  cent,  of 
the  result  with  79^  per  cent,  of  the  effort;  this  would  make  a  25^ 
per  cent,  increase  in  the  efficiency  of  our  work  in  syntax. 

The  authors  are  advocating  no  special  method,  but  present  the 
statistics,  that  teachers  may  decide  for  themselves  what  constructions 
should  have  a  place  in  their  work,  and  in  what  years  such  construc- 
tions may  be  most  advantageously  introduced.  All  may  not  agree 
upon  the  same  equipment  as  the  desirable  one.  We  have  aimed  to 
present  the  material  in  such  form  that  the  most  conservative  need 
not  hesitate  to  make  use  of  it.  Those  who  wish  can  retain  practically 
everything  and  still  gain  greatly  by  a  more  economic  distribution  in 


INTRODUCTION  5 

the  course  of  study  than  has  heretofore  been  possible.  As  actually 
printed,  the  large-type  examples  represent  a  most  conservative 
(99TTT  Per  cent.)  selection  in  which  the  saving  of  labor  is  only  20  per 
cent.  Those  desiring  greater  increase  in  efficiency  will  have  to  omit 
portions  of  the  large  type  examples  as  far  as  seems  to  them  justified 
by  the  statistics. 

All  statistics  require  intelligent  handling;  they  are  merely  a  basis 
on  which  to  form  a  judgment.  At  some  points  the  teacher  will  not 
care  to  go  in  the  direction  indicated  by  the  statistics  if  he  has  a  better 
reason  for  going  another  way.  But  the  collaborators  have  preferred 
not  to  take  such,  alterations  into  their  own  hands,  except  in  one  case : 
the  regular  types  of  conditional  sentences  are  not  reached  until  Cicero; 
on  the  other  hand  conditions  in  indirect  discourse  are  plentiful  in 
Caesar;  after  locating  conditional  sentences  as  a  subject  for  study 
in  Cicero  it  hardly  seemed  feasible  to  have  those  in  indirect  discourse 
assigned  to  an  earlier  period. 

Objection  may  be  made  to  aiming  at  anything  less  than  a  com- 
plete syntax  on  the  ground  that  matters  not  needed  in  high  school 
may  be  needed  in  college.  But  we  believe  we  shall  help  the  college 
most  if  we  teach  Caesar  and  Cicero  well  without  trying  to  provide 
for  Livy  and  Plautus;  the  college  instructor  expects  to  treat  the 
syntax  peculiar  to  each  new  author  and  prefers  that  what  is  different 
from  Cicero  shall  seem  different  to  the  student. 

As  to  college-entrance  requirements  we  recommend  that  sight 
passages  be  restricted  in  vocabulary  to  Professor  Lodge's  2,000 
words  or  that  the  meanings  of  others  be  supplied;  that  specific 
questions  in  syntax  deal  only  with  the  109  principles  listed  in  large 
type  in  the  present  work;  and  that  exercises  in  composition  involve 
these  words  and  these  constructions  only.  Or  if  sight  passages  con- 
tain other  constructions  and  other  words,  these  facts  should  be  taken 
into  consideration  in  estimating  the  student's  power. 


STATISTICS 


I    UNIVERSITY  ) 


STATISTICS 


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5-l°CM>c1"rtMSrOI>'LO 

rt-  M    CM  0 

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0 

CM             M         '            M                     M 

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VO  CM 

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00    CM    CO  CM 

CM     H              M 

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Tj-  ONO    vo  TfO    co  t^  vo 

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vo  0    O 

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H              Tt*    CO            M                       M 

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M     CM 
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CM            CM     CM            M                    M 

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TJ-M    cow    •^-Tj-coi>.O 

t-«.  CM     CM     CM     M                     M 

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ON  vocO    M    r^  co  O    co  O 

(N                      CM 

vo  ON  O    O 

M 

H!  '7°3 

10  CM 

M     O  O     ON 
'O    co 

H 

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CM     0     0 

0    O 

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OHCOONHOOcoO 

CM     M     CM             M 

O     CM     CM     O 

O     M 
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n  TO 

O     M 

•^J-    f^.    M      (N 

M 

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CM     O     O 

o  o 

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^OCO.HMVOOCMO 

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CO  CM 

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O    co  H    M 

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Tf    CM     O 

CM     O 

o 

0 

0 

CM    co  r^-  ONO    O    H    f^  O 

M     M     M 

CO  ON  O    CO 
CM 
CM 

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00     H 
M 

M   O     VOO 
OO            CM     <N 
H 

M 

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CM     O     O 

0     M 

0 

0 

0 

r-^wo    VOVOCMO    ONO 

CM     H     M     M     • 

O   r^  O    M 
ON 
CM 

JIJ 

r^  O 

CO  •*   ON  CM 
VO  M     M     CM 

M 

O 

H 

o 

MOO 

o  o 

o 

o 

o 

OCO    OCO    voO    vovoO 

CM              MM 

vor^O   M 

CM 

n 

P 

0    CM    CO  ON 
CM    CM    CO 

M 

H 

0 

000 

0    0 

(N 

o 

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VOJ>.ONVOCM    CM    COONO 
MM                              CM 

CM     O.   O     O 

c? 

MM*-, 

Tf  O 
vo 

M   vooo  O   O  vo  co  r-«  O 

CM     M     M     M      M              M 

voO    O    O 
vo 

CM 

°sy 

CM 

co  co  w  00 
M    o*    rt- 
H 

VO 

H 

Tf    CO   O 

o  o 

o 

o 

H 

VOVOM    O    M    coco^O 

CM     M     M     M 

£^OM 
CM 

ACCUSATIVE: 
Direct  object  
Adverbial  
Cognate  
Two  ace.  making,  etc. 

NOMINATIVE  
VOCATIVE  

interest,  etc  

"o 
"c 

o 

•s 

1 

1 

Q 

£>    0 
.  .    ^    ^>    Ci>  -^ 
W  '«  *J  .>  .S3 

1 

"rf 

With  adjectives.  . 
Remembering,  etc 
admoneo,  etc  

Accusing,  etc  
miseret,  etc  

10 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


FRL 

pimo 

•"!•  co  O 

VO 

O    co  vo 
X>    N    H 
N 
M 

"tOO 

M     O 
M 

H    ^  OO    N  OO    ^  OO    N    H  O    ^  O 
O  00    H    N    r>.00    co  COOO   t^  O 

H                          H 

*!£1M 

M 

jooo 

COOO 
vo  O 

H     VO 

N 

]i8j3A 

co  O    O 
vo 

N  o   r>» 

N    CO 
CO 

t—  O 

vo  O 

H     CO 

O  O            H 
CO 

s 

00 

N  00    ^O 
N 

M 

CO 

COO    H    co  -<4- 
H     H  0 

VO  H 

OJ3313 

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vo  r^oC 

a* 

O    OOO   vr$ 
CO          H 

(N 

ro 

N  O    CO  O 

H     H 

0 

H 

,00 

0s  W    O^OO 

H     CO 

N     IO 
VO  N 

O    N 

CO  -<t 
O     H 

TSS 

H  ro  O 

OOO 

^o 

VO  N 

$•8 

O    co  t^  co 
N    H    O 

^J"          H 

t 

COO  O     H   ( 
Tf    O  VO  H 
H 

5- 

t^  N 

O     H   OO     CO  ^f 
O     •**•   VO   H 
T^    N     H 

VO10 

O    N 

n-oo 

O  N 

1A  -U3V 

H     O     0 

Kgrs 

^<£ 

?£>°~ 

Tt 

M 

N    CO  H 

* 

N    N 

ff)  c^    M    M 

M 

M 

A  -1«F 

O   O  00 

"5° 

S"8> 

O    O  O    vo 

0     H 

Tj- 

H     Tf   M 

10 

O    O 

H 

O    rf  t^.00  O 

M 

O    co 

M^K 

H     O     H 

M 

°5« 

^ 

H^N    CO 

M 

COO     O  H 

0 

CO  O 

O    O  00    N  O 

MHO 

CO   M 

in  -U3V 

OOO 

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c?3i 

^0    H    H 

0 

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H    CO  H 

co  t^  O 

O    -<t  O  O    co 

H     CO  O 

~" 

Rt»K 

H    O  OO 

R 

«•* 

10 
H 

^ 

H     CO  t^. 

M 

1  -U^K 

O   O  00 

voo   co 

covS" 

^00    co 

at 

COOO   vo  O 

^    H 

u 

O     H 

O  00    O    N    co 

H     N     O 

M 

00    H 

•W 

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Tt- 

^C? 

vo  vo  H    O 

CO            H 

0 

H 

to 

N    O 

M 

O    N    O  ONOO 
N    H  O 

COOO 

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N      Tj-    O 

H 

>O  CO  H    H 
t-         CO 

s 

vo  O    OO 
N    H    N 

UN 

3  ° 

O   vo  co  O  N    O    vo 

•^-  co  Tf  co  H 

H 

•ITO 

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^    VO  ° 

VO'H 

t^.  H    O  N 

? 

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H     O 

H   O     O     t^.  t^ 
M    CO 

mw 

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N 

as 

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TJ-  10  N    t-» 

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M 

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H    CO  N 

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000 

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S.-8, 

O    O    N    N  O 

N   O  r-»  t^ 

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vo 

N  O    OOO    co 

H     VO 

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t-»vO   O 

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Tj-  H  00    N 

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65% 

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t^          H 

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VO          H    H    H 

0 

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vo^cTH 

5 

5!?°^ 

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H     O 

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££ 

N    N    10  O 

VO          N    H    H 

Tf    H 

H    VO  CO  N 

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1||_: 

Time  and  space.  .  . 
J  .imit  
l.xclamation.  .  , 

1 

•     •   G 

"    & 

..  jj  t! 
w    •"*• 

H 

i    I] 

iigji 
ijflji 

Means.  .  . 

H      !Ji 

flJl 

Difference.  .  . 

1  8 
5/c 

CJPk 

Penalty  
Specification. 
Absolute.  .  .  . 
Place  
Time  

P  repositions. 
LOCATIVE  

STATISTICS 


II 


p5g 

NO     l>«  M     O 

vo  vo  rJ-00-  O 

VONO 

VO  VO  H 

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N  . 

\O    0»  NO    N    vo  rj-  vo 

t>»  VO  W     M            NO     M 

H                                  <N 

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«g    N    °    N°°    M    H 

O    Tj-  M    O 

M 

O   co  O   vo  o 

M    VO  «     O  NO 

o  o 

NO     Tj-NO     VO  CO  Tf   O 
M    CO                         CO  t>. 

T,S 

o  o  o.  o 

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H    O 

ON  M    O-  O 

Of 

9OO<^O 

O    O 

o  o  o 

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ON  N  00    VO  O 
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ON  M 
«  00 

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O    M    O 

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SK°° 

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O  NO   O   «   O 

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wr 

o  «  o 

0 

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M   co  vo  ON  O 

ON  M 

Tj-   10  « 

o  o 

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H 

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m-uiy 

o  o  o 

o 

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voO 

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0   0 

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M    t>» 

t-r 

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M   rj-  o   O   O 

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M 

JI8J9A 

o  o  o 

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o  o 

r^  -t  O  O 

O    M    -^Tt  O 

co  O 

co  O   O 

o  o 

O   to  O    O    O 

O   TJ- 

H 

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H    O    H 

o 

o  o 

oo  w  O   O 

o  o  o  «  o 

O    O 

M 

o  o  o 

o  o 

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M    C1 

•<ftuoj 

MOO 

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00    W    M     O 

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t^  O 

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t^  t^NQ     O     M 

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M 

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H!TO 

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NO  00   0   0 

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co  co  O   M    « 

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dlSg 

o  o  o 

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O   O   O  NO    O 

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o  o  o 

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VONO   O   <N   O 

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AI 

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m 

vo 
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o  o  o 

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co  O 

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i] 

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o  o  o  o  o 

O   O 

o  o  o 

M     M 

vo  co  co  W    O 

M 

VO  Tf 

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W-o£., 

o  o  o 

0 

o  o 

t^  O    O    O 

M 

o  o  o  o  o 

o  o 

o  o  o 

(M  NO 

co  CO  vo  N    O 

H     <N 

^^ 

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mng 

00    O   O   O 

M 

CO  ON  VO  H    O 

<N    H 

ON  Tf 
M 

:  :  : 

:  :&j! 

i 

•^  t3  *3 

•°^ 

.    . 

TENSES  —  Cont.: 
Subj.  reg.  seq.  . 
Subj.  irreg.  qui 
Purpose  
Parenth.  purp.. 

. 

.  g 

u 

.  .  .  . 

CH      f^      ^     O     ^ 

^     .  ,>  ,>  ^ 
C/3  I  —  >i—  »  8 

For  imper.  in  in 
For  inter,  in  ind 
SUBSTANTIVE  CL. 



;.2 

I 

\  u 

y 

INDEPENDENT 

1—  1  HH 

'.     '•           '. 

:  g, 

•  o       o 

11  III 

11 

12 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


PS!£ 

N        \o         lOHco                   O   M    H    o\  <N  O    w        OOH^-M         H   i/^ 

«                           H                                          MHMW                    H                    M 
H 

VO     H   \O     10   H     IO 

to       to  »o  10 

H 

ssa 

O          co         M                                  00    co       \O          COOO                M                             W 

"~ 

1£g 

Tf                            M 

M    10  ^t   O    10  M 
N            CO  10  M 

ISS 

Tj-                                                                                              H                                           H 

H     CO 

U-^K 

O                                                                         W                    H                    M 

H 

)  O     N     O  O    t^.  M 
H 

A  -uay 

0                                                                       H 

)   O     M     H     Tj-  t^   O 

H 

f~r 

•^      CO          M                                                                                M                    H 

M 

H-K 

Tj-                                                                                                     M                     N 

n-«»K 

\O                                                                              MM 

H 

i2A 

\O                                                                              H     H             M                     M 

H 

•W 

vO    O    O    O  OO    N    ^"  O    O          ^"  CO  O^  c^    O    H    M    O    t^*  co  O^  O    O    O    ^ 

\^                                                                                                M                                           H 

•jiuoj 

W                      CO                                              fO  co                            H    H 

H 

AI  '/O^ 

10                         H                                                                                                               H 

H 

«!  TO 

10                         M                                                          H     W                                           H 

O    H     H     TJ-   M     <N 

H'^5 

h  O   M   N  vo  oo   N 

H                     H 

O-raOp 

HOHO^CO^OOO         co  t-»O    r^O^t'NP'NiocowOHvC 

1O                          H                                          H                    M 

>     H  00     H  00     ON  « 

*! 

H 

)    O    O    O    O  MD  vO 

m 

OO                                                                              H             H     CO                                    H     H 

)     H     O     O     O     N    O 

n 

F-.M                                              (NMMCO                                            H 

)    O    O    O    O    J>.  N 

«-oe. 

OOOOOt^ONOO          NcocoOWNcoO    ^"O    M    H    O    M    C 
trj                                                                       H     M     H     H                                           C< 

>    COO    0    0    W    « 

6c—  I  ' 

OOOvOOQvOOHO          ^xoOHH^-OOt-vOcoOOOC 

J     O     O     O     O     N     ON 

:  :         :      i  •  •  •  §  o  i  '  ( 

:    •    •    •    •  tij  <-5 
i,   •                <u  .22 

3   •   •  '  ;  fc  ^ 

•&L  !i  -i^i  fiiofJ(p 

>^^8      rtiio^gs":  Ijg'll'fw  8*1  Ili-e^ 

EL     (_>     /n     X     rH     L.J  ^5     nn     CJ  ^J       jt)O'-l^'tS^rN»^t/3^^>^<VtO^ 
H^     PH&^^I    |    |     gg    I  J    g1!!     l-l^O    g    1,  g    g,|,§ 

P^                                                                       *^ 

>l?l^lfl 

541  liT. 

S    S<>    >    C    X    M 

2.Sw    -;r9^^ 
3  c/3  ^  h-  U  ^  M 

3 

STATISTICS 


T)-00    co  10         Nt^WOONTt- 
co  H    rt-  CO         MCO         HVOt^.H          CO 
N  <S  OOWM 


O\ 
vO 


00  *O 


OO    1O  N    IOOO    IO 
CON  HOO  NH 

«    H    H 


t>.  C1    H 


019313 


rJ-MO 


OOOONHOOOO          f^OOONOOO         O 


t^O^OON 

O\  00    IO  »O 


\\-U9V 


OMOH          nioOoOOHcoOt^- 


oOO 


rt-00 o~5~ 


OOOO          HMOOt^-OHO 


Ot^- 


rf  Tf  co  O    H    «    co 

HL  CJ 


O    W    co  O          M    rj-  H 


C^ 

00 


t^  H     W 


O  >0  W  O 


OOHO         OfOO^t^-HOOOco 


CO  M     H     H 


10  «    H 


OJ3DIO 


Ot^.<Nr^oO 

VO     M  \O 


COOOvOM3\OMOWO          H 


\O 
ON 


6c-i  • 


OOOOvOOOOcoO         1OOO 
H  vO    w    O  O 


1OOOcoi<t 


s'  % 


fllj!ii  b       -Jl- 


' 


i  §  W   S   ^ 

P  S  .2  .S 


NOTES  ON  STATISTICS;    EXPLANATION  OF 
CATEGORIES 

Genitive.  Subjective  is  included  with  possessive.  Appositional  is  included 
with  Material;  if  listed  separately  it  would  probably  fall  in  the  class  of  rare  con- 
structions recommended  for  omission.  Quality  includes  Measure.  Predicate 
genitives  fall  under  other  categories.  Genitives  with  verbs  are  grouped  as  follows: 
those  with  verbs  of  remembering  and  forgetting;  with  admoneo,  commoneo,  com- 
monefacio;  with  verbs  of  accusing,  convicting,  condemning,  and  acquitting;  with 
miseret,  paenitet,  piget,  pudet,  taedet;  with  interest  and  refert;  with  verbs  of  plenty 
and  want;  with  potior. 

Dative.  Reference  includes  Ethical  and  Separation;  Ethical  if  listed  sepa- 
rately would  fall  into  the  category  of  rare  constructions.  Double  dative  is  listed 
under  Purpose.  With  Direction  are  listed  other  poetical  constructions,  as  with 
verbs  of  contention. 

Accusative.  Almost  the  only  adverbial  accusatives  in  Caesar  are  multum 
and  nikil,  so  that  it  might  be  well  to  postpone  the  construction  to  the  third  year. 
Two  accusatives  here  include  three  groups:  those  with  verbs  of  making,  choosing, 
calling,  regarding,  showing;  those  with  verbs  of  asking,  demanding,  teaching,  and 
concealing;  those  with  compound  verbs.  Limit  without  a  preposition  occurs 
only  eleven  times  in  Caesar.  The  figures  for  accusative  with  preposition  do  not 
include  the  numerous  accusatives  of  limit. 

Ablative.  Separation  and  Place  Whence  are  grouped  together.  Material  is 
listed  with  Source.  Means  does  not  include  ablatives  with  utor,  jruor,  etc.;  the 
Way  by  Which  is  included  under  Means.  Attendant  Circumstances  is  put  with 
Manner;  Accordance  with  Specification.  Ablative  with  prepositions  does  not 
include  those  listed  under  the  various  other  heads. 

Tenses.  Figures  for  indicative  sequence  are  given  for  comparison.  The 
totals  given  for  indicative  sequence  and  for  regular  subjunctive  sequence  in 
Caesar  are  those  of  seven  books. 

In  estimating  the  number  of  exceptions' to  the  rule  of  sequence,  it  would  be 
possible  to  swell  the  totals  far  beyond  those  given,  especially  by  counting  the 
instances  of  repraesentatio,  as  Heynacher  has  done  in  this  Sprachgebrauch  Caesars 
im  "Bellum  Gallicum;"  it  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  state  the  principles  that  have 
been  observed  in  the  work  on  tenses. 

i.  The  instances  of  repraesentatio  (A.-G.  585,  b,  note;  B.  318,  though  the 
name  is  not  used)  have  not  been  collected  unless  the  repraesentatio  has  preserved 
a  subjunctive  exception  of  the  direct  form.  The  same  desire  for  vividness  which 
leads  Caesar  to  use  the  historical  present  leads  him  also  to  retain  in  many  passages 
the  present  or  perfect  which  was  used  by  the  speaker,  instead  of  the  more  sober 
imperfect  or  pluperfect  which  the  rule  of  sequence  demands.  Repraesentatio  is 

15 


1 6  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

no  more  exceptional  than  the  historical  present.  Yet  when  the  same  phenomenon 
occurs  in  indirect  questions,  the  instances  have  been  counted  as  exceptions,  because 
the  grammars  do  not  recognize  the  fact  that  repraesentatio  may  occur  in  indirect 
questions. 

2.  No  account  has  been  taken  of  the  varying  sequence  after  historical  pres- 
ents.    The  primary  sequence  is  the  more  common,  but  neither  is  an  exception. 
Possibly  arceret,  Aen.  i.  300,  should  be  counted  as  an  exception,  because  the 
historical  present,  demittit,  has  already  been  followed  by  a  present,  pateant. 

3.  The  most  difficult  cases  to  decide  are  those  in  which  the  main  verb  is  a 
perfect  which  we  feel  as  a  present  perfect.     The  Romans,  having  but  one  form 
for  the  present  perfect  and  the  historical  perfect,  did  not  discriminate  sharply 
between  the  two  meanings  which  are  so  distinct  to  us.     It  is  a  recognized  fact  that 
the  perfect  is  usually  followed  by  the  secondary  sequence,  even  when  we  translate 
by  "have;"    though,  of  course,  it  may  be  followed  by  the  primary;   A.-G.  485, 
a;  B.  268,  i.     In  collecting  these  examples  neither  the  primary  nor  the  secondary 
sequence  has  been  considered  an  exception  after  such  a  perfect,  but  for  one 
striking  instance,  see  B.  G.  iv.  i,  10. 

Tenses  in  Result  Clauses:  Allen  and  Greenough,  485,  c,  reads,  "In 
clauses  of  result,  the  perfect  subjunctive  is  regularly  (the  present  rarely)  used 
after  secondary  tenses."  Presumably  the  revisors  intended  to  say  only  that  the 
perfect  subjunctive  in  result  clauses  after  secondary  tenses  is  more  common  than 
any  other  exception  to  sequence;  though  it  is  difficult  to  understand  why  they 
changed  "very  often,"  of  the  former  edition,  to  "regularly."  The  truth  of  their 
present  statement  may  be  tested  by  the  following  statistics.  In  the  seven  books 
of  the  Gallic  War,  we  have  found  but  9  perfects  in  clauses  of  result  following 
secondary  tenses;  while  Heynacher,  chough  apparently  counting  the  occurrences 
of  the  construction  rather  than  the  individual  verbs,  finds  112  instances  of 
the  imperfect  following  secondary  tenses.  In  the  entire  body  of  Cicero's 
orations,  Mrs.  Nellie  King  Cureton,  a  student  in  the  University  of  Kansas, 
found  but  61  perfects  in  clauses  of  result  following  secondary  tenses,  as  against 
403  imperfects.  The  details  of  irregular  result  sequence  in  the  limited  texts 
are:  perfect  indicative  followed  by  perfect  subjunctive,  Caesar,  i,  Cicero  4, 
perfect  infinitive  (indirect  discourse)  followed  by  perfect  subjunctive,  Caesar 
2;  perfect  indicative  and  present  subjunctive,  Cicero  5,  miscellaneous,  Caesar 
i,  Cicero  i. 

Independent  Clauses.     Hortatory  is  confined  to  first  person. 

Deliberative  subjunctive  is  freely  used  to  include  various  subjunctive 
questions. 

Substantive  Clauses.  Ne  and  quominus  are  grouped  with  quin.  But  quin 
equivalent  to  qui  non  is  also  found  among  relative  clauses. 

Relative  Clauses.     Here  are  placed  only  clauses  used  adjectively. 

Adverbial  Clauses.  The  miscellaneous  indicative  clauses  include  those  with 
relative  adverbs. 

Purpose:    The  conjunctions  employed  in  purpose  clauses  are  as  follows, 


EXPLANATION  OF  CATEGORIES  17 

the  numbers  signifying  times  used  by  Caesar,  Cicero,  and  Vergil  respectively: 
ut,  36,  20,  14;  ne,  14,  n,  10;  quo,  7,  o,  3;  qua,  o,  o,  i;  unde,  o,  o,  2. 

Time:  The  moods  and  tenses  found  with  cum  are  as  follows:  indicative 
present,  3,  7,  24;  imperfect,  i,  n,  2;  future,  o,  5,  4;  perfect,  3,  15,  21;  pluperfect, 
4,  2,  2;  future  perfect,  o,  o,  3;  subjunctive  present,  o,  i,  o;  imperfect,  73,  25,  12; 
perfect,  o,  i,  o;  pluperfect,  53,  25,  o. 

Antequam  and  priusquam  are  listed  together.  The  moods  and  tenses  found 
with  each  are  as  follows:  antequam,  indicative  present,  o,  i,  i ;  future  perfect,  o,  o,  i ; 
subjunctive  present,  o,  o,  2;  priusquam,  indicative  perfect,  i,  o,  2;  subjunctive 
present,  o,  o,  i;  imperfect,  7,  o,  o;  perfect,  i,  o,  o;  pluperfect,  2,  o,  i. 

Dum,  donee,  quoad,  and  quam  diu  are  listed  together.  The  moods  and  tenses 
with  each  are  as  follows:  dum,  indicative  present,  7,  2,  16;  imperfect,  o,  i,  5; 
future,  o,  i,  i;  perfect,  0,0,  2;  future  perfect,  o,  o,  i;  subjunctive  present,  0,0,  i; 
imperfect,  4,  o,  2;  perfect,  i,  o,  o;  donee,  indicative  perfect,  o,  o,  6;  future,  0,0,  i; 
.  future  perfect,  0,0,  i;  no  verb  expressed,  0,0,  i;  quoad,  indicative  present,  o,  i,  o; 
future,  o,  i,  o;  perfect,  i,  2,  o;  subjunctive  pluperfect,  i,  i,  o;  quam  diu,  indi- 
cative future,  o,  i,  o;  perfect,  o,  i,  o. 

Postquam,  ubi,  ut,  and  simul  atque  in  their  various  forms  are  listed  together. 
The  moods  and  tenses  found  with  each  are  as  follows:  postquam,  indicative 
present,  o,  o,  5;  perfect,  4,  o,  21;  posteaquam,  indicative  perfect,  2,  i,  o;  pridie- 
quam,  o;  postridiequam,  o;  iibi,  indicative  present,  i,  o,  13;  perfect,  26,  o,  24; 
pluperfect,  i,  o,  o;  future  perfect,  0,0,  5;  ubi  primum,  indicative  perfect,  i,  o,  o; 
ut,  indicative  perfect,  o,  i,  14;  pluperfect,  i,  o,  o;  ut  primum,  indicative  perfect, 
o,  i,  i;  simul  atque,  indicative  perfect,  o,  2,  i;  simul,  indicative  perfect,  i,  o,  o; 
quotienscumque,  indicative  perfect,  o,  i,  o. 

Proviso  includes  occurrences  with  dum  modo  in  Cicero,  with  modo  and  si 
modo  in  Vergil. 

Cause:  The  subjunctive  tenses  found  with  cum  follow:  present,  2,  25,  o; 
imperfect,  37,  4,  o;  perfect,  i,  5,  o;  pluperfect,  7,  o,  o. 

Quod,  quia,  quoniam,  and  quando  are  taken  together.  The  use  of  moods  with 
each  is  as  follows:  quod,  indicative,  69,  48,0;  subjunctive,  34, 16,  i;  quia,  indi- 
cative, o,  5,  5;  subjunctive,  o;  quoniam,  indicative,  o,  18,  3;  subjunctive,  5, 
o,  o;  quando,  indicative,  o,  o,  5;  subjunctive,  o,  o,  2. 

Concession.  Tametsi  is  listed  with  quamquam;  with  quamvis  are  licet,  ut, 
and  ne;  etsi  and  etiamsi  are  together.  Moods  used  with  different  concessive 
conjunctions  are  as  follows:  cum,  subjunctive  present,  i,  6,  o;  imperfect,  7,  n,  i; 
perfect,  i,  6,  o;  pluperfect,  3,  5,  o;  quamquam,  indicative,  o,  8,  3;  subjunctive, 
0,0,  i;  tametsi,  indicative,  o,  3,  o;  subjunctive,  i,  i,  o;  quamvis,  indicative, 
0,0,  i;  licet,  subjunctive,  o,  o,  3;  ut,  subjunctive,  i,  o,  o;  ne,  o;  etsi,  indicative, 
7,  o,  2;  etiamsi,  indicative,  o,  3,  o;  subjunctive,  o,  2,  o.  The  grammars  show 
considerable  variety  in  grouping  concessive  or  adversative  clauses.  Tametsi 
may  be  listed  with  the  etsi  group  without  affecting  the  arrangements  of  this  book. 

Conditions:  The  regular  types  are  not  found  in  Caesar  except  in  indirect 
discourse.  Vergil  has  the  indicative  in  8  contrary-to-fact  conditions  and  the 


i8  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

present  subjunctive  in  5.     The  figures  for  mixed  and  irregular  conditions  are 
given  merely  for  comparison;  they  do  not  constitute  a  real  category. 

The  various  formal  combinations  in  conditional  sentences  are  as  follows: 
indicative  present  in  protasis  followed  by  indicative  present,  o,  16,  12;  by  future, 
o,  7,  8;  by  perfect,  o,  2,  2;  by  future  perfect,  o,  i,  i;  by  subjunctive  present, 
o,  7, 18;  by  imperfect,  o,  i,  o;  by  imperative,  i,  9,  21 ;  by  clause  with  verb  omitted, 
o,  o,  4;  indicative  imperfect  followed  by  indicative  imperfect,  i,  i,  o;  indicative 
future  with  indicative  present  following,  o,  4,  o;  with  future,  o,  5,  i;  with  sub- 
junctive present,  o,  i,  2;  indicative  perfect  with  indicative  present,  o,  6,  5;  with 
imperfect,  o,  i,  o;  with  future,  o,  i,  i;  with  perfect,  o,  i,  2;  with  subjunctive 
present,  o,  4,  2;  with  imperative,  o,  o,  6;  indicative  pluperfect  with  indicative 
imperfect,  2,  o,  o;  indicative  future  perfect  with  indicative  present,  o,  5,  o;  with 
future,  o,  19,  6;  with  future  perfect,  o,  i,  o;  with  subjunctive  present,  o,  i,  o; 
with  imperative,  o,  i,  o;  with  no  verb  expressed,  o,  3,  o;  subjunctive  present  with 
indicative  present,  o,  5,  2;  with  future,  o,  i,  2;  with  perfect,  0,0,  i;  with  sub- 
junctive present,  2,  5,  5;  with  perfect,  0,0,  i;  subjunctive  imperfect  with  indica- 
tive imperfect,  i,  o,  o;  with  perfect,  o,  i,  2;  with  subjunctive  imperfect,  8,  14,  7; 
with  pluperfect,  o,  3,  5;  with  infinitive  present,  i,  o,  o;  with  participle,  i,  o,  o; 
with  no  verb  expressed,  i,  o,  i;  subjunctive  pluperfect  with  indicative  present, 
0,0,  i;  with  imperfect,  0,0,  2;  with  perfect,  o,  o,  2;  with  pluperfect,  o,  o,  2;  with 
subjunctive  imperfect,  4,  7,  4;  with  pluperfect,  o,  6,  3;  with  no  verb  expressed, 
o,  o,  2;  ablative  absolute  with  indicative  present,  o,  i,  o;  with  future,  o,  2,  o; 
with  perfect,  o,  i,  o;  with  infinitive  present,  i,  o,  o;  verb  omitted  with  indicative 
future,  o,  o,  2;  with  subjunctive  present,  0,0,  i;  with  imperative,  o,  o,  i.  It 
should  be  noted  in  these  figures  that  some  apparently  regular  combinations  are  in 
reality  mixed  forms.  Thus  a  present  subjunctive  in  conclusion  may  be  jussive, 
etc. 

Those  in  indirect  discourse  show  the  following  combinations:  indicative 
present  with  infinitive  future,  o,  o,  i;  subjunctive  present  with  subjunctive  pres- 
ent, 3,  o,  o;  with  infinitive  present,  9,  2,  o;  with  future,  6,  o,  o;  with  perfect, 
0,0,  i;  subjunctive  imperfect  with  subjunctive  imperfect,  8,  o,  o;  with  infinitive 
present,  9,  o,  o;  with  future,  6,  i,  o;  with  perfect,  i,  i,  o;  subjunctive  perfect 
with  subjunctive  present,  2,  i,  o;  with  perfect,  i,  o,  o;  with  infinitive  present, 
2,  2,  o;  with  future,  2,  3,  o;  subjunctive  pluperfect  with  subjunctive  imperfect, 
4,  o,  o;  with  infinitive  present,  2,  i,  o;  with  future,  n,  i,  2;  with  perfect,  i,  o,  o; 
with  no  verb  expressed,  o,  o,  3;  ablative  absolute  with  infinitive  present,  2,  o,  o; 
with  future,  i,  o,  o. 

The  use  of  conjunctions  in  conditional  sentences  is  as  follows,  the  same 
conjunctions  often  being  employed  with  more  than  one  verb:  si,  82,  117,  87; 
nisi,  10,  20,  2;  ni,  o,  o,  10;  sin,  i,  6,  3;  sive,  seu,  o,  2,  6;  no  conjunction,  o,  o,  i. 

Comparison:  The  one  instance  in  Caesar  is  with  velut  si;  in  Cicero  with 
quasi;  Vergil  has  veluti  5  times  (4  with  the  indicative,  i  with  verb  omitted), 
quam  si  and  subjunctive,  3,  ceu  and  indicative,  4,  subjunctive,  2,  no  verb,  2. 

Indirect   Discourse   and   Attraction,   placed   here    for   convenience 


EXPLANATION  OF  CATEGORIES  19 

include  other  subordinate  clauses  as  well  as  adverbial.  An  example  of  Repeated 
Action  is  appended  to  Attraction. 

Infinitive.  The|category  infinitive  as  object  is  used  to  designate  cases  of 
infinitive  with  subject  accusative  used  as  object  of  verbs  like  volo,  patior,  iubeo; 
it  does  not  include  indirect  discourse.  Where  no  subject  accusative  is  introduced 
the  infinitive  is  listed  as  complementary. 

The  infinitive  is  used  as  subject  of  the  folio  wing  expressions:  est,  19,  37,  4; 
habetur,  i,  o,  o;  interest,  i,  o,  o;  licet,  9,  3,  13;  necesse  est,  2,  3,  4;  oportet,  14,  15, 
o;  opus  est,  i,  i,  o;  placet,  2,  5,  i;  praestat,  6,  o,  5;  videtur  commodissimum,  i, 
o,  o;  constat,  o,  i,  o;  convenit,  o,  2,  o;  libet,  o,  i,  o;  certum  est,  0,0,  i;  contingit, 
o,  o,  2;  datur,  o,  o,  9;  decet,  0,0,  i;  fas  est,  o,  o,  14;  iuvat,  o,  o,  14;  mos  est,  o,  o,  2; 
nefas  est,  0,0,  2;  paenitet,  0,0,  i;  piget,  0,0,  i;  pudet,  0,0,  i;  sat  or  satis  est,  o, 
o,  5;  stat,  0,0,  3;  succurrit,  0,0,  i;  taedet,  0,0,  i;  tempus  est,  o,  o,  2;  videtur, 
o,  o,  i. 

It  is  used  in  apposition  with  the  following  expressions:  consuetudo,  2,  6,  o; 
/acinus,  2,  o,  o;  form  of  is,  3,  o,  o;  labor  or  labores,  o,  2,  i;  hie,  o,  2,  2;  ille, 

0,  i,  o;  amor,  o,  o,  4;  awor  e/  cupido,  o,  o,  2;  animus,  o,  o,  9;  cupido,  0,0,  i; 
cwra,  o,  o,  3;  potestas,  0,0,2;  spes,  0,0,  i. 

It  is  used  as  a  Predicate  Noun  with:  invidia  est,  0,0,  i;  solus  (est),  0,0,  i. 

The  complementary  infinitive  is  found  with:  audeo,  13,  8,  13;  coepi,  46, 
6,3;  conor,  18,  9,  5;  consuesco,  23,  o,  o;  constituo,  9,  o,  4;  cw/^'0,  2,  i,  6;  deoeo,  8, 
0,0;  decerno,  i,  o,  i;  desisto,  i,  2,  o;  dubito,  i,  u,  i;  gravor,  i,  o,  o;  incipio,  i, 

1,  4;  instituo,  7,  i,  o;  intermitto,  i,  o,  o;  W0J0,  2,  9,  i;  maturo,  2,  o,  o;  neglego,  i, 

0,  o;  W0/0,  3,  i,  o;  persevero,  i,  o,  o;  polliceor,  2,  o,  o;  praeopto,  i,  o,  o;  propero,  i, 
0,3;  possum,  140,  154,  53;   s/a/^0,  i,  o,  o;  7/0/0,  17,  34,  14;  animum  induco,  o, 

1,  o;  debeo,  o,  30,  o;    desino,  o,  8,  2;    disa?,  o,  7,  3;   soleo,  o,  9,  6;    studeo,  o,  6,  o; 
abnego,  o,  o,  2;    absisto,  0,0,  i;    adgredior,  0,0,  2;    ardeo,  o,  o,  8;    certo,  o,  o,  5; 
contendo,  0,0,  i;    cwr0,  o,  o,  3;    exposco,  0,0,  i;    /£<&?,  o,  o,  i;    gaudeo,  0,0,  i; 
Aorreo,  o,  o,  i;     insequor,  o,  o,  2;     wwfo,  Q,  o,  5;     *'«ro,  0,0,  i;    laetor,  0,0,  i; 
meditor,  0,0,  2 ;    memini,  o,  o,  5 ;   weg0,  o,  o,  i ;     nequeo,  o,  o,  3 ;    0^/0,  o,  o,  3 ; 
ordior,  0,0,  2;  oro*p,  o,  i;  ^<zra?,  0,0,  i;  paro,  o,  o,  12;  ^erg0,  0,0,  i;  potis  est 
0,0,  i;  quaero,  o,  o,  2;  £we0,  0,0,  i;  ram0,  o,  o,  4;  sa'0,  o,  o,  2;  s^m?,  o,  o,  2; 
5we5c0,  o,  o,  4;  sufficio,  0,0,2;  tempto,  0,0,2;  tendo,  0,0,2;    timeo,  0,0,2;  valeo, 
o,  o,  5;  vereor,  o,  o,  i. 

The  infinitive  is  used  as  the  object  of:  adsuefacio,  i,  o,  o;  c0#0,  5,  5,  7; 
desidero,  i,  o,  o;  iubeo,  57,  13,  42;  ^0/0,  4,  o,  o;  patior,  8,  9,  4;  prohibeo,  4,  o,  4; 
7/^0,  i,  o,  2;  volo,  n,  18,  7;  cupio,  o,  5,  o;  imperor,  o,  3,  o;  s'woe0r,  o,  i,  o;  malo, 
o,  4,  o;  sino,  o,  i,  2;  adz'g0,  0,0,  i;  a#0,  o,  o,  2;  concedo,  0,0,  i;  d0,  o,  o,  8; 
doceo,  0,0,  2;  /aa'0,  o,  o,  2;  hortor,  0,0,  7;  impello,  o,  o,  4;  impero  and  passive, 
0,0,  i;  0^/0,  o,  o,  2;  persuadeo,  o,  o,  2;  ^0sc0,  0,0,  i;  />r000,  o,  o,  2;  stimulo, 
0,0,  i;  suadeo,  o,  o,  2;  subigo,  o,  o,  2. 

The  infinitive  is  used  in  Indirect  Discourse  with  admiror,  i,  o,  o;  ago, 
6,  o,  o;  animadverto,  13,  o,  o;  arbitror,  26,  17,  o;  0;w0^'0,  3,  5,  4;  cogito,  i,  o,  o; 
cognosco,  10,  i,  o;  commemoro,  2,  3,  o;  comperio,  5,  5,  o;  conclamo,  2,  o,  2; 


20  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

confido,  4,  5,  o;  confirmo,  4,  6,  o;  coniuro,  2,  o,  o;  conspicio,  6,  2,  o;  constat, 
4,  o,  o;  constituo,  i,  o,  o;  credo,  2,  2,  9;  demonstro,  6,  o,  o;  denuntio,  i,  o,  o;  cto, 
58,  60,  i;  dicer,  2,  14,  i;  doceo,  4,  o,  o;  do/eo,  i,  o,  o;  duco,  2,  2,  o;  existimo, 
34,  n,  o;  existimor,  2,  o,  o;  gaudeo,  i,  i,  o;  intellego,  26,  16,  o;  invenio,  6,  o,  i; 
iw0<?0,  i,  o,  o;  iudico,  5,  5,  o;  loquor,  27,  o,  i;  memini,  i,  3,  i;  nuntio,  13,  o,  o; 
ostendo,  3,  o,  o;  persuadeo,  3,  o,  o;  polliceor,  9,  2,  i;  praedico,  -are,  30,  2,  o; 
/>r0o0,  2,  o,  o;  propono,  8,  2,  o;  ^>w/0,  15,  43,  5;  tfwer0r,  3,  i,  o;  renuntio,  3,  o,  o; 
reperio,  16,  o,  o;  respondeo,  32,  i,  o;  sentio,  2,  19,  5;  sa0,  7,  13,  o;  significo,  3, 
o,  o;  simulo,  i,  i,  o;  ^m?,  i,  7,  8;  statuo,  6,  2,  o;  suspicor,  5,  o,  o;  z'ideo,  27,  49, 
20;  videor,  6,  63,  35;  certiorem  facio,  n,  o,  o;  civitatem  obstringo,  3,  o,  o; 
My  mandatis,  3,  o,  o;  es/  verbum,  15,  o,  o;  fcx^/ws  es/  orationis,  5,  o,  o;  iw 
venio,  i,  o,  o;  legates  mitto,  4,  o,  o;  fega#  gratulatum  veniunt,  i,  o,  o;  memoria 
teneo,  3,  i,  o;  moleste  fero,  2,  o,  o;  nuntius  mitto,  i,  o,  o;  0ra&'0  es/,  3,  o,  o;  satis 
habeo,  i,  o,  o;  verba  facio,  6,  o,  o;  commemoro,  2,  o,  o;  habere  explorata  dico, 
12,  o,  o;  incuso,  19,  o,  o;  obsecro,  5,  o,  o;  0r0,  2,  o,  o;  peto,  i,  o,  o;  postulo, 
2,  o,  o;  se  ad  pedes  proiciunt,  2,  o,  o;  accipio,  o,  5,  o;  admoneo,  o,  2,  i;  agnosco, 
o,  i,  i;  aio,  o,  2,  2;  censeo,  o,  i,  o;  concede,  o,  i,  o;  confiteor,  o,  5,  o;  contendo, 
o,  2,  o;  criminor,  o,  i,  o;  decerno,  o,  2,  o;  declare,  o,  i,  o;  defero,  o,  6,  2;  despero, 
o,  i,  o;  dictito,  o,  i,  o;  fateor,  o,  8,  i;  ignoro,  o,  3,  o;  indico,  o,  2,  o;  infiteor, 
o,  i,  o;  foe/0r,  o,  i,  o;  %e0,  o,  i,  o;  wm?r,  o,  i,  o;  we#0,  o,  3,  2;  wesa0,  o,  3,  o; 
obliviscor,  o,  3,  o;  obtineo,  o,  i,  o;  opinor,  o,  i,  o;  praecipio,  o,  5,  o;  praescribo, 
o,  i,  o;  profiteor,  o,  2,  o;  provideo,  o,  i,  o;  putor,  o,  i,  o;  recorder,  o,  i,  o; 
scribe,  o,  2,  o;  suadeo,  o,  2,  o;  tester,  o,  i,  3;  opinio  est,  o,  i,  o;  responsum 
fero,  o,  i,  o;  ca«0,  o,  o,  10;  cerao,  o,  o,  5;  #&c0,  0,0,  i;  /a//0,  0,0,  i;  /er0,  o,  o,  3; 
feror,  o,  o,  2;  iwr0,  0,0,  i;  mentior,  0,0,  i;  persentio,  o,  o,  2;  promitto,  0,0,  5; 
3;  ra?r,  0,0,  3;  repeto,  0,0,  2;  respicio,  0,0,  i;  w/0,  0,0,  i;  /awa  awm  occupat, 
prospicio,  o,  o,  2;  fama  est,  0,0,  7;  /awa  fert,  o,  o,  i;  /aw#  volat,  o,  o, 
4;  /K/&S  manifesta,  o,  o,  i;  nuntius  venit,o,o,  i;  signum  effodio,  0,0,  i;  TW# 
(wO»  o,  o,  i. 

Infinitives  with  adjectives:  paratus,  5,  o,  i;  certus,  0,0,  i;  dignus,  0,0,  i; 
praestantior,  o,  o,  2. 

The  infinitive  expresses  Purpose  with:  J0,  o,  o,  9;  instituo,  0,0,  i;  z»ac0, 
0,0,  i;  venio,  0,0,  i. 

Participle.  The  present  participle  occurs  in  the  following  cases;  nominative, 
9,  9,  270;  genitive,  3,  3,  23;  dative,  5,  5,  28;  accusative,  17,  30,  223;  ablative, 
o,  3,  20;  ablative  absolute,  additional,  n,  7,  27;  vocative,  o. 

The  perfect  participle  occurs  in  the  following  cases:  nominative,  213,  119, 
515;  genitive,  4,  4,  29;  dative,  6,  4,  29;  accusative,  83,  105,  326;  ablative,  12, 
22,  57;  ablative  absolute,  additional,  384,  58,  126;  vocative,  o,  10,  25;  deponent 
nominative,  88,  7,  119;  genitive,  o,  o,  i-  dative,  o,  o,  3;  accusative,  6,  i,  8; 
ablative,  i,  o,  i;  vocative,  o,  o,  6;  middle  nominative,  o,  o,  15. 

The  future  participle  occurs  in  the  following  cases,  not  including  those  in 
active  periphrastic  combination:  nominative,  o,  o,  14;  genitive,  o,  o,  2;  dative, 
o,  o,  4;  accusative,  o,  o,  9;  ablative,  0,0,  i. 


EXPLANATION  OF  CATEGORIES  21 

The  active  periphrastic  occurs  in  the  following  moods:  indicative,  i,  5,  i; 
subjunctive,  3,  5,  o. 

The  gerundive  occurs  in  the  following  cases,  not  including  periphrastic 
use:  nominative,  i,  8,  7;  genitive,  17,  10,  o;  with  causa,  additional,  12,  7,  o; 
dative,  2,  o,  i;  accusative,  i,  13,  16;  with  euro,  additional,  3,  o,  o;  with  ad, 
additional,  33,  42,  o;  ablative,  n,  22,  i;  vocative,  0,0,  i. 

The  passive  periphrastic  occurs  in  the  following  moods:  indicative,  14, 
39,  12;  subjunctive,  2,  10,  o;  infinitive,  34,  39,  5. 

Gerund.  The  following  cases  of  the  gerund  are  found:  genitive,  29,  22,  n; 
with  causa,  additional,  12,  o,  o;  dative,  o;  accusative,  o;  except  with  ad,  7,  12, 
o;  ablative,  4,  15,  16. 


DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE  COURSE  OF  STUDY 


DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE  COURSE  OF  STUDY 

In  the  "Selected  Examples"  we  have  used  black  type  to  indicate 
constructions  used  as  many  as  five  times  by  Caesar,  ordinary  type 
for  the  additional  constructions  used  five  times  by  Cicero,  small 
capitals  for  the  new  constructions  used  five  times  by  Vergil;  moreover, 
those  used  less  than  five  times  in  any  one  author  but  as  many  as  ten 
times  in  all  three  are  placed  in  either  the  Cicero  or  the  Vergil  lists. 
All  other  constructions  are  printed  in  small  type  so  that  they  may  be 
included  or  omitted  according  to  the  desire  of  the  individual.  But 
the  large  type  examples  represent  a  99^  Per  cent,  selection,1  so  that 
they  should  constitute  a  reasonable  maximum  for  intensive  study.  If 
we  recommend  for  the  first  year  those  principles  used  50  times  in 
Caesar,  the  number  of  new  constructions  to  be  studied  in  the  first  year 
would  be  45,  in  the  second,  31,  in  the  third,  19,  in  the  fourth,  14. 

We  hesitate  to  offer  any  distribution  by  half-years.  In  dividing  by 
years  it  is  an  assured  conclusion  that  we  want  in  the  second  year  the 
constructions  common  in  Caesar,  in  the  third  those  common  in  Cicero, 
in  the  fourth  those  common  in  Vergil.  A  semester  division  is  more 
arbitrary,  yet  some  will  doubtless  desire  one.  We  believe  it  best  in 
Cicero  and  Vergil  to  take  all  the  constructions  in  the  first  half-year, 
reviewing  them  again  in  the  second.  Of  course  in  every  term  there 
should  be  a  review  of  all  constructions  studied  thus  far,  but  in  the 
sixth  and  eighth  half-years  such  review  may  well  constitute  the  stu- 
dent's whole  task  in  syntax.  If  some  prefer  to  make  division  in  the 
upper  years  they  may  take  in  the  first  half-year  the  constructions 
found  ten  times  and  in  the  second  those  found  only  five.  In  the  first 
and  second  years  the  material  is  sufficiently  copious  to  warrant  a 
subdivision.  In  the  preparatory  year,  if  we  take  in  the  first  semester 
those  constructions  used  90  times  in  Caesar  and  in  the  second  sem- 
ester those  used  50,  the  apportionment  will  be  26  and  19  respectively. 
In  Caesar  a  grouping  of  20  and  1 1  is  secured  by  assigning  those  used  over 
12  times  to  the  third  half-year,  those  used  5  times  to  the  fourth.  This 
would  be  a  tentative  recommendation  for  distribution  by  half-years: 

1  That  is,  99i%  per  cent,  of  all  the  constructions  would  come  under  the  principles 
so  indicated. 

25 


26 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


Half-Year 

Basis 

Number  New 
Constructions 

I  

90  times  in  Caesar 

26 

2 

50  times  in  Caesar 

19 

13  times  in  Caesar 

20 

5  times  in  Caesar 

II 

r 

5  times  in  Cicero 

19 

I  

Review  of  all  prose  constructions 

o 

7  

5  times  in  Vergil 

14 

8  

Review  of  all  Constructions 

o 

Total 

109 

We  give  in  tabular  form  the  selections  by  years,  and,  less  con- 
fidently, one  by  half-years. 


DISTRIBUTION  IN  COURSE  OF  STUDY 


27 


Is 

&1 


I 


1 


M 


•§.§ 


Ji 

•ti    ^3 


loll  3I-' 


1  &    > 


28 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


.>o 


&l 

S£ 


.8-5 


I 


oo 

00 

fc  H 

a.  <u 


PM  CJ 


on 
jec 
al 


posi 
th  a 


§    £    &g.3      S 

Go     <    <^W       £ 


1 


8   «J« 


^_>  "3    (L) 


^^     t3  Jr? 


O 


H        HH 


o 


OF 


DISTRIBUTION  IN  COURSE  OF  STUDY 
TENTATIVE  SYNOPSIS  BY  HALF-YEARS 


29 


First  Half-  Year 

Second  Half-Year 

Third  Half-Year 

Fourth  Half-Year 

Nominative  

Nominative 

Vocative 

Genitive 

Possessive 

Objective 

Oualitv 

^With  adjectives 

Dative             .    ... 

Partitive 
Ind  object 

Material 
Special  verbs 

Agent 

Possessor 

Accusative  

Dir.  object 

Compounds 
Reference 
Purpose 

W.  adjectives 
Adverbial 

Ablative  

Limit 
Subj.  infin. 
W.  preposi- 
tions 

Separation 

Manner 

Time  and 
space 

Source 

Locative  

Agent 
Means 
Cause 
Accompani- 
ment 
Absolute 
Place 
Time 

Specification 
W.  preposi- 
tions 

utor,  etc. 
Difference 
Quality 

Locative 

Tenses  

Independent  cl.  .  .  . 
Substantive  cl  

Regular  se- 
quence 

Indicative 

quod 

Subj.  for  imp. 
in  Or.  Ob. 

quin  etc. 

Subj.  for  Int. 
in  Or.  Ob. 

Fear 

Relative  cl  

Indicative 

Volitive 
Ind.  question 

Result 
Purpose 

Adverbial  cl 

Time  —  cum 

Indicative 

Characteristic 
Time  —  (lutn 

Time  —  o>nt6- 

Infinitive  

Cause  —  quod 
In  ind.  disc. 

Complement'y 

Purpose 
Result 

Subject  > 

"    —  post- 
quam 
Cause  —  cum 
Attraction 

Historical 

quam 
Concession  — 
cum 
Concession  — 
etsi 

Apposition 

Participle  

Object 
Ind.  disc. 

Perfect 

Gerundive 

Present 

W.  adjective 

Gerund  and  supine 

Pass,  peri- 
phrastic 

Gerund 

Supine  in  -urn 

SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


TENTATIVE  SYNOPSIS  BY  HALF-YEARS 


Fifth  Half-Year 

Sixth 
Half-Year 

Seventh  Half-Year 

Eighth 
Half-Year 

Nominative  
Vocative    

Vocative 

Genitive  

Remembering 

Dative 

miseret,  etc. 
Direction,  etc. 

Accusative       .    ... 

Twoaccus.  "making" 

Cognate 

Ablative  

Exclamation 
Comparison  

Synecdochical 

b 

Locative  

1 

Tenses 

Irreg.  seq.  —  Result 

X 

£ 

1 

Independent  cl.  .  .  . 

Substantive  cl  
Relative  cl 

Imperative 
Subj.  —  Jussive 
"        Deliberative 
"        Concessive 
"        Potential 

Result 

1 

BH 

"3 

"8 

k 

QJ 

ne  and  Imperative 
Subj.  —  Hort. 
"        Jussive  2  p. 
"        Optative 
"        Obligation 

d 
a 

X 

.8 

a 
& 

Adverbial  cl  

Cause 
Proviso 

> 
0) 
« 

Comparison 

ts 

Infinitive  

Concession  —  quam- 
quam 
Conditions  —  Simple 
M.  V. 
future 
Conditions  —  Contr. 
fact 
In  ind.  disc. 

Purpose,  etc. 

'> 

V 

& 

Participle  

Active  periphrastic 

Future 

Gerund  and  supine 

Supine  in  -u 

SELECTED  EXAMPLES 


SELECTED  EXAMPLES 

NOMINATIVE 

Nominative:  Gallia,  B.  G.1  i.  i,  i;  pars,  i,  5;  is,  2,  i;  Orgetorix,  3,  3; 
Caesar,  32,  2.  /wror,  C<x/.,  i.  i;  castra,  5;  is,  22;  ego,  29;  homines,  31.  wr&s, 
^4e».  i.  12;  7ww0,  36;  Aeolus,  76;  Fewws,  325;  iniuria,  341. 

VOCATIVE 

Vocative:  milites,  B.  G.  iv.  25,  3.  Catilina,  Cat.  i.  i;  Catilina,  2;  Catilina, 
3;  Catilina,  4;  patres,  4.  ^4eo/e,  ,4m.  i.  65;  regina,  76;  Ewre,  140;  ra#,  241; 
Cytherea,  257. 

GENITIVE 
Possessive:  provinciae,  B.  G.  i.  i,  3;   nobilitatis,  2,  i;    aws,  7,  3;    ftuminis, 

8,  4;    Aeduorum,  n,  i.     wrfos,  Ca/.  i.  i;    populi,  i;    bonorum,  i;    senatus,  i; 
horum,  i.     Troiae,  Aen.  i.  i;  superum,  4;  lunonis,  4;  Romae,  7;  deww,  9. 

Objective:  regm,  5.  G.  i.  2,  i;  causae,  4,  2;  reditionis,  5,  3;  itineris,  7,  4; 
regnj,  9,  3.  Palati,  Cat.  i.  i;  seditionum,  4;  castrorum,  5;  optumatium,  7;  wrfos, 

9.  fo//i,  ylew.  i.  14;  jormae,  27;  generis,  132;  pelagi,  138;  telluris,  171. 
Partitive:  quarum,  B.  G.  i.  i,  i;   horum,  i,  3;  ftuminis,  i,  6;   Oceani,  i,  7; 

passuum,  2,  5.     consili,  Cat.  i.  i;  nostrum,  i;  nostrum,  2;  detrimenti,  4;  gentium, 
g.    regni,  Aen.  \.  78;  gentis,  96;  sororum,  322;  sororum,  326;  sanguinis,  329. 

Material:  hominum,  B.  G.  i.  4,  3;  equitum,  15,  3;  dediticiorum,  27,  4;  foww- 
www,  35,  3;  hominum,  ii.  6,  2.  hostium,  Cat.  i.  5;  amicorum,  u;  coniuratorum, 
12',  temporis,  Arch,  i;  hominum,  3.  aquae,  Aen.  i.  105;  harenae,  112;  alarum, 
301;  ar£e»/i,  359;  awn,  iii.  49. 

Quality:  mensium,  B.  G.  i.  5,  3;  pedum,  8,  i;  legionum,  24,  2;  pedum,  ii.  5,  6; 
,  iii.  12,  i.     w0<&,  Ca/.  i.  4;   ordinum,  iv.  14;  wodi,  Pomp.  6;  gentium,  44; 
lrc&.  3.     w0/w,  ylew.  i.  33;   0^£y,  601;  gentis,  iv.  483;  populi,  615;  /was, 
vi.  761. 

Value:  tow&',  B.  G.  i.  20,  5;  magni,  iv.  21,  7.  /aw&',  Ca/.  i.  22;  /aw/z',  ii.  15;  parm, 
Pomp.  18;  parvi,  Arch.  14.  /aw/i,  ^4ew.  iii.  453. 

With  Adjectives:  bellandi,  B.  G.  i.  2,  4;  iniuriae,  14,  2;  rerum,  18,  3;  m,  21, 
4;  rerum,  44,  9.  consili,  Cat.  i.  2;  imperi,  12;  Catilinae,  ii.  6;  Catilinae,  22; 
ferramentorum,  iii.  10.  opum,  Aen.  i.  14;  rerum,  178;  awn,  343;  umbrae,  441;  swi, 
v.  174. 

WITH  VERBS  OF  REMEMBERING,  ETC.:   incommodi,  B.  G.  i.  13,  4;   virtutis, 

1  The  abbreviations  used  are  as  follows: 

B.  G.  =  Caesar  de  &g//o  Gallico;  Cat.  =  Cicero  z'w  Catllinam;  Pomp.  =  Cicero  </e 
imperio  Pompei;  Arch.=  Cicero  />ro  Archia;  A en.=  Vergil  ^lenm. 

Numbers  in  Caesar  refer  to  book,  chapter,  and  sentence;  in  Cicero,  to  oration 
and  section;  in  Vergil,  to  book  and  line;  they  are  taken  from  the  Teubner  editions, 
edited  by  Dinter,  Miiller,  and  Ribbeck  respectively. 

33 


34  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

13,  4;  contumeliae,  14,  3.     caedis,  Cat.  i.  6;  incendiorum,  6;  salutis,  iv.  i.     sui, 
Aen.  iii.  629;  famae,  iv.  221;  regm,  267;  rerum,  267;  Elissae,  335. 

With  Verbs  of  Accusing,  etc.:  inertiae,  Cat.  i.  4;  nequitiae,  4.  mortis,  Aen. 
vi.  430. 

WITH  MISERET,  PAENITET,  ETC.:  quorum,  B.  G.  iv.  5,  3.  factorum,  Cat. 
iv.  20;  consiliorum,  20.  laborum,  Aen.  ii.  143;  animi,  144;  thalami,  iv.  18; 
domus,  318;  sororis,  435. 

With  Interest  and  Refert:  rei,  B.  G.  ii.  5,  2;   salutis,  5,  2.     wea,  Ca/.  iv.  9. 
With  Verbs  of  Plenty  and  Want:   bacchi,  Aen.  i.  215;    ferinae,  215. 
With  Potior:   Galliae,  B.  G.  i.  3,  7.     rerum,  Cat.  ii.  19. 

DATIVE 

Indirect  Object:  ei,  B.G.  i.  3,  5;  illis,^,6;  illis,3,6;  Helvetiis,  4,  i',  Caesari, 
7,  i.     oVs,  Ca/.  i.  n;   70-w,  n;   fo'W,  16;   adulescenti,  21;   mYo,  21.     wz/w*, 
i.  8;  &'0i,  65;  mihi,  78;  undis,  104;  regi,  137. 

With  Special  Verbs:   civitati,  B.  G.  i.  2,  i;   eis,  2,  3;   Rauracis,  5,  4; 
bro gibus,  6,  3;    My,  9,  2.     reow.y,  Ca/.  i.  3;   mihi,  6;   w00«,  22;   temporibus,  22; 
/awcfo',  23.     w^#,  Aen.  i.  257;  generi,  526;  left's,  689;  d*c/0,  695;  e0w0,  ii.  48. 

With  Compounds:  omnibus,  B.  G.  1.2,2;  finitimis,  2,  4;  sibi,  3,  3;  munitioni, 
10,  3;  populo,  12,  6.  mihi,  Cat.  i.  ii;  /*W,  n;  vitae,  13;  adulescentulo,  13; 
sceleri,  15.  scopulo,  Aen.  i.  45;  am,  49;  ventis,  69;  wan,  84;  />0«to,  89. 

Reference:  «fo,  5.  G.  i.  5,  3;  sibi,  14,  2;  Haeduis,  17,  4;  5^i,  28,  i.  5^, 
36,  4.  m  publicae,  Cat.  i.  5;  /i&i,  16;  /z'6^,  18;  cui,  24;  ei,  ii.  2.  gentibus,  Aen. 
i.  17;  yleweae,  92;  iactanti,  102;  few,  106;  quibus,  232. 

Agent:  wW,  5.  G.  i.  n,  6;  Gallis,  31,  14;  Sequanis,  32,  5;  wW,  33,  2;  wW, 
35,  2.  wzM,  Ca/.  i.  5;  tibi,  16;  /i6i,  16;  tibi,  17;  ««,  24.  /a/w,  Aen.  i.  39;  wt'At, 
326;  ulli,  440;  w^',  574;  w^',  623. 

Possessor:  sibi,  B.  G.  i.  7,  3;  sibi,  ii,  5;  i/>w,  34,  2;  w'W,  35,  4;  ww^i,  ii.  6,  3. 
lenitati,  Cat.  ii.  6;  wfo',  26;  portis,  27;  wae,  27;  Cethego,  iii.  10.  animis,  Aen. 
i.  ii ;  m*7u,  71;  virginibus,  336;  Awic,  343;  quibus,  361. 

Purpose:  praesidio,  B.  G.  i.  25,  6;  domicillio,  30,  3;  concilio,  30,  5;  cwrae, 
33,  i;  colloquio,  34,  i.  nuptiis,  Cat.  i.  14;  fructui,  Pomp.  16;  cwrae,  17; 
praesidio,  32;  saluti,  Arch.  i.  excidio,  Aen.  i.  22;  re&ws,  207;  praedae,  210;  tec/0, 
425;  auxilio,  ii.  216. 

With  Adjectives:  Germanis,  B.  G.  i.  i,  3;  />/efo,  3,  5;  finibus,  6,  3;  Galliae, 
28,  4;  wW,  39,  3.  /*6*,  Ca/.  i.  15;  &'W,  24;  /ww,  24;  ww/w,  27;  wo6w,  iii.  2.  wiM, 
Aen.  i.  67;  cwz,  314;  caelestibus,  387;  ambobus,  458;  f/eo,  589. 

DIRECTION  (POETIC):  La/zo,  ^4m.  i.  6;  cae/0,  289;  om,  377;  oris,  538; 
0m,  616. 

ACCUSATIVE 

Direct  Object:  unam,  B.  G.  i.  i,  i;  aliam,  i,  i;  tertiam,  i,  i;  ea,  i,  3;  bellum, 
i,  3.     ?&0s,  Ca^.  i.  i;  5e5e,  i;   /e,  i;  quid,  i;   gm'd,  4.     arma,  ylm.  i.  i;   urbem,  5 
,  6;  causas,  8;  quam,  15. 


SELECTED  EXAMPLES  35 

Adverbial:  nihil,  B.  G.  i.  40,  12;  multum,  iii.  9,  3;  multum,  iv.  i,  8;  maximam 
partem,  i,  8;  multum,  3,  3.  nihil,  Cat.  i.  i;  quid,  20;  ecquid,  20;  quid,  22;  quid, 
24.  multum,  Aen.  i.  3;  primum,  174;  primum,  189;  gwirf,  407;  tantum,  745. 

COGNATE:  praeclara,  Cat.  iii.  5;  egregia,  5;  quiddam,  Arch.  26.  hominem, 
Aen.  i.  328;  />/«ra,  385;  multa,  750;  warn,  iv.  468;  i/er,  v.  862. 

Two  Accusatives,  "Making":  vergobrelum,  B.  G.  i.  16,  5;  soldurios, 
iii.  22,  i;  regem,  iv.  21,  7.  dignum,  Cat.  i.  19;  gloriam,  29;  civem,  ii.  12;  hostem, 
12;  sanctos,  Arch.  18.  parentem,  Aen.  i.  75;  aras,  109;  miserum,  ii.  79;  Chaonios, 
iii.  334;  victorem,  v.  245. 

Two  Accusatives,  "Asking":  frumentum,  B.  G.  i.  16,  i.  poenas,  Aen.  ii.  139; 
veniam,  iv.  50;  /ato,  vi.  759. 

Two  Accusatives  with  Compounds:  ^^onam,  5.  G.  ii.  5,  4;  pontem,  10,  i;  Rhenum, 
iv.  1 6,  6. 

SYNECDOCHICAL:  oculos,  Aen.  i.  228;  geww,  320;  animum,  579;  0s,  589; 
manus,  ii.  57. 

Time  and  Space:  annos,  B.  G.  i.  3,  4;  wi/ia,  8,  i;  dies,  15,  5;  annos,  18,  3; 
dies,  39,  i.  diew,  Ca/.  i.  4;  diew,  4;  annos,  ii.  7;  dies,  iii.  20;  punctum,  iv.  7. 
annos,  Aen.  i.  31;  annos,  47;  annos,  272;  saecula,  445;  noctem,  683. 

Limit:  septentriones,  B.  G.  i.  1,5;  partem,  i,  6;  septentrionem,  i,  6;  monies, 
i,  7;  indicium,  4,  2.  finem,  Cat.  i.  i;  senatum,  2;  mortem,  2;  fe,  2;  w0s,  2. 
Italiam,  Aen.  i.  2;  litora,  3;  altum,  34;  patriam,  51;  Italiam,  68. 

Exclamation:  tempora,  Cat.  i.  2;  mores,  2;  rew  publicam,  ii.  7;  rcos,  10; 
rem  publicam,  10.  miserabile,  Aen.  i.  in;  infandum,  251;  mirabile,  439;  wira- 
fo7e,  iv.  182;  horrendum,  454.  The  examples  in  Vergil  are  in  agreement  with 
clauses;  they  are  nevertheless  exclamatory. 

Subject  of  Infinitive:  Gallos,  B.  G.  i.  i,  5;  se,  2,  5;  biennium,  3,  2;  se,  3,  6; 
sese,  3,  7.  consilia,  Cat.  i.  i;  coniurationem,  i;  quern,  i;  fe,  2;  pestem,  2.  hoc, 
Aen.  \.  17;  progeniem,  19;  populum,  21;  Parcas,  22;  we,  37. 

With  Prepositions:  se,  5.  G.  i.  i,  2;  Rhenum,  i,  3;  rm,  4,  3;  angustias,  9,  i; 
eww,  48,  2.  me,  Ca/.  iv.  5;  noctem,  6;  inferos,  8;  oculos,  n;  Tabernas,  17. 
cornua,  Aen.  iv.  61;  nemora,  70;  altaria,  145;  auras,  357;  terras,  523. 

ABLATIVE 

Separation:  Aquitanis,  B.  G.  i.  i,  2;  Belgis,  i,  2;  cultu,  i,  3;  finibus,  2,  i; 
agm,  4,  3.  Roma,  Cat.  i.  7;  cwra,  9;  w&e,  10;  wetfw,  10;  wr&e,  12.  animo,  Aen. 
i.  26;  Lafo'0,  31;  incepto,  37;  puppi,  v.  12;  vespere,  19. 

Source:  finibus,  B.  G.  i.  i,  6;  matre,  18,  7;  tribunis,  39,  2;  Germanis,  ii.  4,  2; 
Cimbris,  29,  4.  civitatibus,  Pomp.  28-;  nationibus,  28;  e0,  59;  studiis,  Arch.  13; 
doctrina,  18.  -scwo,  ^4ew.  i.  167;  origine,  286;  Maia,  297;  ve/w,  469;  de#,  582. 

Agent:  senatu,  B.  G.  i.  3,  4;  se,  14,  2;  m,  14,  6;  maioribus,  14,  7;  m,  16,  6. 
we,  Ca/.  i.  5;  /e,  16;  gw,  19;  gwo,  19;  we,  23.  euroo,  Aen.  iii.  533;  7<we,  iv. 
356;  /we,  377. 

Comparison:  opinione,  B.  G.  ii.  3,  i;   aww0,  iv.  i,  7;    ceteris,  3,  3.    /wee, 


36  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

Cat.  i.  6;  vita,  27;  opinione,  iv.  6;  me,  n;  homine,  Pomp.  28.  terris,  Aen. 
i.  15;  dicto,  142;  quo,  544;  wo/a,  ii.  773;  illis,  iii.  214. 

Means:  ftumine,  B.  G.  i.  i,  5;  natura,  2,  3;  flumine,  2,  3;  monte,  2,  3;  rebus, 
3,  i.  scientia,  Cat.  i.  i;  caede,  3;  manu,  3;  suppliciis,  3;  praesidiis,  6.  vi,  Aen. 
i.  4;  /a/is,  32;  am?,  35;  ve»*w,  435  ^rowe,  45. 

With  Utor,  etc.:  imperio,  B.  G.  i.  2,  2;  consilio,  5,  4;  frumento,  16,  3;  opibus, 
20,  3;  impedimentis  ,  26,  4.  patientia,  Cat.  i.  i;  laetitia,  26;  Ms,  ii.  18;  opera, 
iii.  5;  praesidio,  8.  vocibus,  Aen.  i.  64;  harena,  172;  awra,  546;  awro,  iii.  55; 
dapibus,  224. 

Cause:  dolore,  B.  G.  i.  2,  4;  cupiditate,  9,  3;  victoria,  14,  4;  caw,sa,  18,  6; 
causa,  39,  2.  cawsa,  Ca£.  i.  15;  conscientia,  17;  causa,  19;  memoria,  22;  gaudiis, 
26.  /a/0,  ^4ew.  i.  2;  amore,  349;  laetitia,  514;  aspectu,  613;  dolore,  669. 

Manner:  periculo,  B.  G.  i.  10,  2;  lenitate,  12,  i;  lacrimis,  20,  i;  sinistra,  25,  3; 
proelio,  26,  i.  animo,  Cat.  i.  16;  />ac/o,  17;  ratione,  17;  wodo,  18;  animo,  20. 
murmure,  Aen.  i.  55;  conubio,  73;  turbine,  83;  cumulo,  105;  nww,  123. 

Accompaniment:  Germanis,  B.  G.  i.  i,  4;  copiis,  2,  i;  civitatibus,  3,  i;  .se, 
5,  3;  legatis,  8,  3.  we,  Ca£.  i.  6;  we,  8;  te,  8;  /e,  9;  /e,  10;  se,  ^4ew.  i.  37;  gew/e, 
47;  se,  50;  se,  59;  waw&ws,  193. 

Degree  of  Difference:  multo,  B.  G.  i.  6,  2;  gw0,  8,  2;  e0,  14,  i;  gwo,  14,  5; 
passibus,  22,  i.  diebus,  Cat.  iii.  3;  multo,  iv.  3;  multo,  17;  multo,  Pomp,  i; 
w«//0,  10.  multo,  Aen.  ii.  199;  capite,  219;  cervicibus,  219;  cwrsw,  iii.  116; 
tempore,  309. 

Quality:  animo,  B.  G.  i.  6,  3;  animo,  7,  4;  virtute,  28,  5;  altitudine,  38,  5; 
magnitudine,  39,  i.  ^a/re,  Ca/.  i.  4;  commendatione,  28;  animo,  29;  aere,  ii.  4; 
capillo,  22.  corpore,  Aen.  i.  71;  si/ws,  164;  scopulis,  166;  mensibus,  269; 
/em?,  313. 


Price:   />re^o,  B.  G.  i.  18,  3;    /wfe'o,  iv.  2,  2.     ^l«yo,  4ew.  i.  484;   magno,  ii.  104; 

,  vi.  621;    pretio,  622. 

Penalty:  morte,  Cat.  i.  28;  morte,  29;   morte,  ii.  4;   morte,  iv.  7. 

Specification:  lingua,  B.  G.  i.  i,  i;  lingua,  i,  2;  institutis,  i,  2;  virtute,  2,  2; 
factu,  3,  6.  custodia,  Cat.  i.  19;  ubertate,  Pomp.  14;  genere,  27;  magnitudine,  27; 
virtute,  27.  &e//o,  4e».  i.  21;  /orwa,  72;  /wga,  317;  honore,  335;  fo/fo,  339. 

Absolute:  Messala,  B.  G.  i.  2,  i;  regw0,  3,  7;  ^e,  5,  3;  oppidis,  5,  4;  reto, 
6,  4.  c0e/w,  Ca2.  i.  10;  tumultu,  n;  we,  13;  Lepido,  15;  /we,  30.  /ae^o,  ^lew. 
i.  8;  .Sawo,  16;  cuspide,  81;  agmine,  82;  compagibus,  122. 

Place  Where:  finibus,  B.  G.  i.  i,  4;  itinere,  3,  i;  civitate,  3,  5;  Gallia,  7,  2; 
animo,  7,  3.  re  publica,  Cat.  i.  3;  tabulis,  4;  periculis,  4;  Italia,  5;  jaucibus,  5. 
/erm,  ^4ew.  i.  3;  a//o,  3;  aequore,  29;  ^orcfo,  40;  corde,  50. 

Time:  tempore,  B.  G.  i.  3,  5;  ^'e,  6,  4;  ^e,  10,  5;  tempore,  n,  3;  tempore, 
ii,  4.  <&e,  Ca/.  i.  7;  discessu,  7;  Kalendis,  8;  woc/e,  8;  woc/e,  9.  aestate,  Aen.  i. 
430;  somno,  470;  cardine,  672;  ^w0,  ii.  268;  diebus,  342. 

With  Prepositions:  multitudine,  B.  G.  i.  2,  5;  maleficio,  7,  3;  maleficio,  9,  4; 
see/ere,  14,  5;  magnitudine,  ii.  30,  4.  /e,  Ca/.  i.  18;  legionibus,  ii.  5;  i//0,  7; 


SELECTED  EXAMPLES  37 

26;   his,  27.     Argis,  Aen.  i.  24;   meritis,  74;   numine,  133;   /me,  279;   Ascanio, 

659- 

LOCATIVE 

Locative:  domi,  B.  G.  i.  18,  6;  <&ww,  20,  2;  d0ww,  28,  3;  d0wi,  iv.  i,  5;  domi, 
i,  5.  d0#w,  Cta.  i.  19;  cfowz,  32;  Romae,  ii.  8;  Romae,  17;  Romae,  Pomp.  19. 
tora,  4ew.  i.  193;  /mwJ,  ii.  380;  Cretae,  iii.  162;  Libyae,  iv.  36;  /mw*,  v.  78. 

TENSES 

Regular  Sequence:  pertinerent,  B.  G.  i.  3,  i;  cremaretur,  4,  i;  exeant,  5,  i; 
possent,  6,  i;  dicer  ent,  7,  3.  exspectes,  Cat.  i.  6;  confideres,  8;  cogitent,  9;  wmV 
sew/,  10;  possit,  13.  videat,  Aen.  i.  182;  fundat,  193;  credant,  218;  pateant,  298; 
iactemur,  332. 

Irregular  Sequence — Qwi:  permanserit,  Pomp.  54;  duxerit,  Arch.  25.  laeserit,  Aen. 
ii.  231;  intorserit  231;  audierit,  346. 

Irregular  Sequence — Purpose:  cernam,  Aen.  ii.  667;  peragat,  iv.  452;  relinquat, 
452;  audires,  vi.  534. 

Irregular  Sequence — Parenthetical  Purpose:    «7,  Ca£.  iii.  10;    miretur,  Arch.  2. 

Irregular  Sequence — Result:  debuerint,  B.  G.  i.  11,3;  consuerint,  14,  7; 
defuerit,  ii.  21,  5.  sitinventum,  Cat.  iii.  17;  diiudicatae  sint,  25;  videantur,  Pomp. 
10;  audiatis,  33;  dieatur,  39. 

Irregular  Sequence — Cum:  pugnatum  sit,  B.  G.  i.  26,  2.     sm/,  Ca/.  ii.  15. 
Irregular  Sequence — Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact:    deberet,   Pomp.  58.    adforet, 
Aen.  ii.  522. 

INDEPENDENT  CLAUSES 

Indicative:  differunt,  B.  G.  i.  i,  2;  suscepit,  3,  3;  mittunt,  9,  2;  subducit,  22, 
3;  promovit,  48,  i.  abutere,  Cat.  i.  i;  eludet,  i;  iactabit,  i;  moverunt,  i;  sentis, 
i.  cano,  Aen.  i.  i;  /wi/,  12;  nascetur,  286;  dixit,  402;  praemittit,  644. 

Imperative:  desilite,  B.  G.  iv.  25,  3.  muta,  Cat.  i.  6;  crede,  6;  obliviscere, 
6;  recognosce,  8;  />er££,  10.  incute,  Aen.  i.  69;  o&rwe,  69;  0ge,  70;  disice,  70; 
/>er/er,  389. 

Imperative — .ZVo^  and  Infinitive:    wofo'te  dubitare,  Pomp.  68. 

NE  AND  IMPERATIVE:  we  credite,  Aen.  ii.  48;  we  /zme,  607;  new  recusa,  607; 
we  linque,  iii.  160;  we  dubita,  316. 

SuBjUNCfrVE — IrfoRTATORY:  optemus,  Cat.  ii.  16;  queramur,  16;  consideremus, 
Pomp.  36.  sequamur,  Aen.  ii.  388;  sequamur,  iii.  114;  petamus,  115;  petamus, 
129;  sequamur,  188. 

SUBJUNCTIVE — JUSSIVE  IN  20  PERSON:  ve/w,  ^4ew.  i.  733;  maneas,  ii.  160; 
serves,  160;  imponas,  iv.  497;  adm,  578. 

Subjunctive — Jussive  in  3d  Person:  secedant,  Cat.  i.  32;  congregentur, 
32;  secernantur,  32;  sit  inscriptum,  32;  exeant,  ii.  6.  iactet,  Aen.  i.  140;  regnet, 
141;  paeniteat,  549;  /icea/,  551;  w/,  ii.  711. 

Subjunctive — Deliberative:  /aefer,  Cta.  iv.  2;  commemorem,  15;  arfo- 
traretur,  Pomp.  31;  dicam,  32;  querar,  32.  nesciat,  Aen.  i.  565;  temperet,  ii.  8; 
explicet,  362;  possit,  362;  requirat,  390. 


38  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

Subjunctive  —  Concessive:  sit,  Cat.  iv.  21;  ornetur,  21;  habeatur,  21; 
sit,  21  ;  anteponatur,  21.  fuisset,  Aen.  iv.  603. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  —  OPTATIVE:  eduxisset,  Cat.  ii.  4;  haberetis,  Pomp.  27.  adforet, 
Aen.  i.  576;  ferant,  605;  fecissent,  ii.  no;  mansisset,  jiiL&L£;  ostendat,  vi.  188. 

SUBJUNCTIVE—  UNFULFILLED  OBLIGATION:  tulissem,  Aen.  iv.  604;  implessem, 
605;  extinxem,  606;  dedissem,  606;  vocasses,  678. 

Subjunctive  —  Potential:  mallem,  Cat.  ii.  5;  vereamini,  iv.  13;  possis,  22; 
sumantur,  Pomp.  44;  disputarem,  66.  optem,  Aen.  iv.  24;  cernas,  401;  praestiterit, 
vi.  39;  vc//e»/,  436. 

Subjunctive  for  Imperative  in  Indirect  Discourse:  reverterentur,  B.  G.  i.  7,  5; 
reminisceretur,  13,  4;  congrederetur,  36,  7;  lacesserent,  iv.  n,  6;  sustinerentt 
11,6. 

Subjunctive  for  Interrogative  in  Indirect  Discourse:  iudicaret,  B.  G.  i.  40,  2; 
vererentur,  40,  4;  desperarent,  40,  4;  vellet,  44,  8;  veniret,  44,  8. 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES 

With  Quod:  adortus  esset,  B.  G.  i.  13,  5;  gloriarentur,  14,  4;  videbat,  53,  6; 
vetuerat,  ii.  20,  3;  excedebant,  iii.  4,  3;  occidit,  Cat.  i.  3;  vacuefacta  sunt,  16; 
reliquerunt,  16;  dedisti,  19;  dixisti,  19.  eripis,  Aen.  ii.  665. 

Volitive:  exirent,  B.  G.  i.  2,  i;  occuparet,  3,  4;  conaretur,  3,  5;  paterentur 
6,  3;  liceat,  7,  3.  videret,  Cat.  i.  4;  adservarem,  19;  commoveare,  22;  esse/,  ii. 
\/  26;  es.se/,  iii.  8.  ve//e/,  view.  ii.  653;  secundarentj  iii  .  3  6  ;  levarent,  36;  careat,  iv. 
432;  liceat,  v.  796. 

With  "Quin,"  etc.  :  possent,  B.  G.  i.  3,  6;  consciverit,  4,  4;  ww/  erepturi,  17,  4; 
sumat,  31,  15;  exirent,  33,  4.  transmittendum  sit,  Pomp.  42;  possit,  43;  conjeratis, 
49;  credatis,  68.  adeas,  view.  iii.  456;  poscas,  456. 

Fear:  offenderet,  B.  G.  i.  ig^yf^fosset,  39,  6;  circumveniretur,  42,  4;  adduce- 
retur,  ii.  i,  2;  circumvenirentur,  26,  2.  ^'c<z/,  Ca/.  i.  5;  redundaret,  29;  s*J,  ii.  15; 
videamini,  iv.  13;  habeam,  14.  deficeret,  Aen.  vi.  354;  nocerent,  694. 

Optative:    audiatis,  Cat.  ii.  15;    ea/,  16;    «"/,  Pomp.  48.     dehiscat,  Aen.  iv.  24; 
'  25. 


Result:  vagarentur,  B.  G.  i.  2,  4;  cremaretur,  4,  i;  haberet,  10,  2;  arcesserentur, 
31,  4;  gravaretur,  35,  2.  intellegas,  Cat.  i.  20;  posses,  27;  nominaretur,  27; 
possem,  ii.  4.  praeterlabare,  Aen.  iii.  ^478. 

Indirect  Question:  fl^a^,  J5".  G.  i.  20,  6;  loquatur,  20,  6;  5^,  21,  2;  ducerentur, 
40,  i;  haberet,  40,  6.  egeris,  Cat.  i.  i;  fueris,  i;  s#,  16;  sentiant,  20;  impendeat, 
22.  iactetur,  Aen.  i.  668;  vertant,  671;  consederis,  iv.  39;  accenderit,  v.  4; 
possit,  6. 

RELATIVE  CLAUSES 

Indicative:  incolunt,  B.  G.  i.  i,  i;  pertinent,  i,  3;  incolunt,  i,  3;  dictum 
est,  i,  5;  dividit,  2,  3.  machinaris,  Cat.  i.  2;  convenit,  4;  oportuit,  5;  fuerunt, 
8;  oportebat,  9.  vidimus,  Aen.  i.  584;  v*V&,  ii.  5;  /w^,  6;  obtulerat,  61;  demisere, 
85- 


SELECTED  EXAMPLES  ,  39 

-  /  Imperative:  spargite,  A  en,  iii.  605. 

Purpose:  dicerent,  B.  G.  i.  7,  3;  cognoscerent,  21,  i;  sustineret,  24,  i;  postu- 
larent,  34,  i;  perterrerent,  49,  3.     praestolarentur,  Cat.  i.  24;  efferret,  iii.  8;  exci- 
peret,  8;  praeponeretis,  Pomp.  63;  in/eratur,  65.     sciret,  Aen.  i.  63;  onerent,  706; 
V/     ponant,  706;  piaret,  ii.  184;   reddat,  iv.  479. 
Wish:  convertant,  Aen.  ii.  191. 

Characteristic:    possent,  B.  G.  i.  6,   i;    tolerarent,  28,  3;    insilirent,  52,  5; 
recusaret,  iii.  22,  3;    essent,  28,  i.     audeat,  Cat.  i.  6;    expectes,  6;    audiam,  8; 
cogitent,  9;  possit,  13.     reste/,  view.  ii.  142;   cwre/,  536;   /zcea/,  iii.  461;   z>e/i/,  iv. 
V      488;  ve/*X  v.  486. 

Result:  fateatur,  Cat.  i.  5;  fateatur,  30;  wa/^7,  ii.  16;  wege/,  iii.  21;  movear, 
iv.  3.  frangeret,  Aen.  v.  591;  and  perhaps  possent,  vi.  200. 

Cause:  essem,  Cat.  i.  19;  sciam,  24;  sciam,  24;   sciam,  24;   sentirent,  iii.  5* 
•    laeserit,  Aen.  ii.  231;  intorserit,  231;  audierit,  346;  traxerit,  v.  624;  simularet, 
vi.  591. 

Concession:  respondisset,  Cat.  iii.  10;  dixisset,  10;  potuisset,  Pomp.  26.  ewe/, 
^4ew.  ii.  248;  5/w  dedignata,  iv.  536. 

Condition:  lenierit,  Cat.  iv.  12;   si/,  16. 

ADVERB  CLAUSES 

Indicative:  era/,  5.  G.  i.  8,  4;  em/,  10,  3;  intermittit,  38,  5;  demonstravimus, 
ii.  i,  i;  postulabat,  33,  2.  w'vw,  Ca/.  i.  6;  fecerunt,  6;  coepisti,  10;  metuunt,  17; 
opinor,  17.  Ja/a,  ylew.  i.  83;  ludunt,  397;  cinxere,  398;  iussi,  iii.  236;  ferent, 
vi.  822. 

Purpose:  suppeteret,  B.  G.  i.  3,  i;  essent,  5,  3;  posset,  7,  5;  impetrarent,  9,  2; 
posset,  13,  i.  possis,  Cat.  i.  6;  videatur,  14;  opprimar,  18;  desinam,  18;  videaris, 
23.  exigat,  Aen.  i.  75;  pateant,  298;  posset,  413;  petamus,  554;  inspires,  688. 

Result:  condonet,  B.  G.  i.  20,  5;  videretur,  33,  5;  perturbaret,  39,  i;  jare/, 
44,  9;  posset,  ii.  25,  i.  coercerent,  Cat.  i.  3;  viderentur,  15;  videar,  16;  revocarit 
22;  putarem,  29. 

Time — "Cum":  conaretur,B.G.  i.  4,  3;  nuntiatum  esset,  7,  i;  exisset,  12,  5; 
possent,  13,  5;  potuit,  iii.  9,  2.  confideres,  Cat.  i.  8;  voluisti,  n;  haesitaret,  ii. 
13;  teneretur,  13;  videretis,  iii.  4.  peteret,  Aen.  i.  651;  s/are/,  ii.  113;  diffideret, 
iii.  51;  frangeret,  625;  manderet,  627. 

•—Tune — "Antequam,"  etc.:  conaretur,  B.  G.  i.  19,  3;  appetissent,  43,  7;  perve- 
nerunt,  53,  i;    attigisset,  ii.  32,  i;    ^  concessum,  iii.  18,  7.     ra&0,  Caf.  iv.  20. 
I/  venimus,  Aen.  ii.  743;   subigat,  ^11.^257;  ^£^Hi^2?7;   w'^>  iv-  275    decerpserit, 
vi.  141. 

Time — "Dum,"  etc.:  convenirent,  B.  G.  i.  7,  5;  pervenirent,  n,  6;   potuerit, 
17,  6;  accessisset,  iv.  n,  6;  potuit,  12,  5.     mV,  Ca/.  i.  6;  insidiatus  es,  ii;  petisti, 
n;   delectantur,  ii.  20;   continebatur,  iii.  16.     manebant,  Aen.  ii.  22;   stabat,  88; 
v      manebant,  455;  sinebant,  iv.  651;  da&a/,  v.  415. 

Time — "Postquam,"  etc.:  arbitrati sunt,  B.  G.  i.  5,  2;  /oc/t  jww/,  7,  3;  7>e?u/, 
8,  3;  constiterunt,  iv.  26,  5;  receperunt,  27,  i.  adsedisti,  Cat.  i.  16;  iussus  est,  ii. 


40  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

12;  erupit,  iii.  3;  vidi,  4;  comperi,  4.  flectit,Aen.i.  156;  exempta,  216;  introgressi, 
520;  remotae,  723;  concessit,  ii.  91. 

Proviso:  Intersil,  Cat.  i.  10;  s^,  22;  depellatur,  ii.  15;  ea£,  15;  pariatur,  iv.  i. 
v  aa7^/,  ^4ew.  iii.  116;  sequatur,  iv.  109;  remetior,  v.  25. 

Cause — "Cum":  praestarent,  B.  G.  i.  2,  2;  possent,  9,  2;  possent,  ii,  2;  swsce- 
/>m/,  16,  6;  teneret,  20,  4.  «w/,  C0/.  i.  10;  ««/,  ii  15;  «/,  24;  s^w/,  26;  w«/, 
iv.  18. 

Cause — "Quod,"  etc.:  absunt,  B.  G.  i.  i,  3;  contendunt,  i,  4;  continentur, 
2,  3;  &we£,  3,  6;  patebat,  ii.  8,  2;  effugimus,  Cat.  i.  ii;  audeo,  12;  contineremur, 
19;  extulit,  ii.  2;  egressus  est,  2.  remordet,  Aen.  i.  261;  vetabat,  ii.  84;  reliqui, 
V  iv.  315;  resfo/,  324;  w«;a/,  538. 

Concession — "Cum":  w»/,  5.  G.  i.  14,  6;  posset,  16,  6;  pugnatum  sit,  26,  2; 
haberet,  43,  5;  venirent,  ii.  29,  i.  .sw,  Ca/.  i.  16;  consumeret,  ii.  9;  scirem,  13; 
placer et,  iii.  7;  posset,  ii.  cuperem,  Aen.  v.  810. 

Concession — "Quamquam,"  etc.:  repetissent,  B.  G.  i.  30,  2.  videbam, 
Cat.Ln;  fuerunt,i8',  premuntur,  ii.  19;  sunt,  2j;  est  depulsum,  iii.  29.  recessit, 
Aen.  ii.  300;  tenetur,  533;  ctfpi/,  iv.  394;  geniti,  vi.  394;  invicti  essent,  394. 

Concession — Quamvis,  etc.:  acciderent,  B.  G.  iii.  9,  6;  deiecit,  Aen.  v.  542;  fixerit, 
vi.  802;  pacarit,  803;  tremefecerit,  803. 

Concession — "Etsi,"  etc.:  videbat,  B.  G.  i.  46,  3;  existimabant,  iii.  24,  2;  exacta 
erat,  28,  i;  proponebatur,  iv.  17,  2;  vergit,  20,  i.  possit,  Cat.  i.  19;  defendant, 
Pomp.  13;  /acto  es/,  15;  sw«/,  64;  habetis,  66.  cs/,  ^4ew.  ii.  584;  &afo/,  584. 

Conditions — Simple:  consulis,  Cat.  i .  1 3 ;  contigit,  1 6 ;  />0/es,  20 ;  neglegis, 
28;  es/,  29.  wV,  ^4ew.  i.  376;  docuere,  392;  servant,  546;  vescitur,  546;  pervenit, 
ii.  81. 

Conditions — Simple-General:  era/,  B.  G.  i.  48,  6;  deciderat,  48,  6;  era/,  48,  7;  coe- 
perant,  iii.  12,  2.  biberunt,  Cat.  i.  31;  conspexere,  Aen.  i.  152. 

Conditions — More  Vivid  Future:  iussero,  Cat.  i.  5;  iussero,  12;  exieris, 
,12;  /ecem,  23;  tern,  23.  intraro,  Aen.  11^501;  ^rto,  iv-  I25;  attigerit,  568; 
extulerit,  v.  65;  acceperit,  vi.  770. 

Conditions — Less  Vivid  Future:  loquatur,  Cat.  i.  19;  vefe'n/,  ii.  20;  deficiant,  25; 
dicam,  iii.  22.  ^dedissent,  Aen.  ii.  136;  spondeat,  v.  18. 

Conditions — Contrary  to  Fact:  metuerent,  Cat.  i.  17;  viderem,  17;  /iwe- 
rew/,  17;  dixissem,  21;  iudicarem,  29.  ferant,  Aen.  i.  59;  fuisset,  ii.  54;  possent, 
292;  adforet,  522;  resistat,  599. 

Conditions  in  Indirect  Discourse:  conentur,  B.  G.  i.  8,  3;  dentur,  14,  6; 
satisfadant,  14,  6;  possint,  17,  3;  accidat,  18,  9.  decreverit,  Cat.  i.  20;  pervenerit, 
30;  multassem,  ii.  4;  perierit,  23;  flexissent,  iii.  19.  tulisset,  Aen.  ii.  94;  remeas- 
sem,  95;  repetant,  178;  violasset,  189;  ascendisset,  192. 

COMPARISON:  adesset,  B.  G.  i.  32,  4.  videamus,  Pomp.  67.  incidit,  Aen.  ii. 
305;  pressit,  380;  confligunt,  417;  forent,  439;  morerentur,  439. 

Subordinate  Clause  in  Indirect  Discourse:  vicerit,  B.  G.  i.  31,  12;  referret,  35, 
2;  censuisset,  35,  4;  superati  essent,  36,  3;  accessisset,  42,  i.  contineremur,  Cat. 


SELECTED  EXAMPLES  41 

i.  19;  incendissent,  iii.  8;  fecisset,  8;  vellet,  n;  persequeretur,  Pomp.  22.    repetant, 
V  Aen.  ii.  178;  reducat,  178;  violasset,  189;  ascendisset,  192;  speret,  iv.  292. 

Attraction:  viderentur,  B.  G.  ii.  u,  5;  continerentur,  ii,  5;  arbitraretur,  iii. 
i?  ^;  posset,  ii,  5;  afflictarentur,  12,  i.  increpuerit,  Cat.  i.  18;  facer  et,  iii.  4; 
ewe/,  8;  sare/,  8;  licuisset,  Pomp.  62.  sint,  Aen.  iii.  262;  possent,  vi.  200  may  be 
Repeated  Action. 

INFINITIVES 

|T$  Subject:";  />0/m,  5.  G.  i.  2,  2;  perficere,  3,  6;  segwi,  4,  i;  /acere,  7,  3;  facere, 
7,3.  dud,  Cat.  \.  2\  inter fectum  esse,  4;  factum  esse,  5 ;  trucidare,  9;  proficisci,  9. 
condere,  Aen.  i.  33;  capessere,  77;  op  peter  e,  96;  componere,  135;  meminisse,  203. 

Appositive:    retentos,  B.  G.  iii.  9,  3;    coniectos,  9,  3;    missas  esse,  iv.  6,  3; 
resistere,  7,  3;    deprecari,  7,  3.     iacere,  Cat.  i.  26;    vigilare,  26;    multare,  29; 
insidiari,  ii.  10;    valuisse,  Arch.  15.     explorare,  Aen.  i.  77;    struere,  704;    cogno- 
scere,  ii.  10;  jegztt,  350;  succurrere,  451. 
^/  Predicate  Noun:  s  per  are,  Aen.  ii.  354;  consider  e,  iv.  349.. 

Complementary:  inferre,  B.  G.  i.  2,  4;  comparare,  3,  i;  potiri,  3,  7;  exsequi, 
4,  3;  facere,  5,  i.  vast  are,  Cat.  i.  3;  defender  e,  6;  negare,  8;  inter ficere,  ii; 
facere,  12.  avertere,  Aen.  i.  38;  submergere,  40;  premere,  63;  miscere,  134; 
petere,  158. 

Object:  dicere,  B.  G.  i.  4,  i;  efferre,  5,  3;  ^'re,  6,  3;  rescindi,  7,  2;  ire,  9,  4. 
hebescere,  Cat.  i.  4;  ewe,  4;  comprehendi,  5;  inter  fid,  12;  exire,  13.  volvere,  Aen. 
i.  9^  celerare,  357;  consistere,  541;  moliri,  564;  consistere,  629. 

Indirect  Discourse:  obtinere,  B.  G.  i.  i,  5;  ewe,  2,  2;  habere,  2,  5;  ewe,  3,  2, 
ewe,  3,  6.  patere,  Cat.  i.  i;  teneri,  i;  factum  esse,  5;  factum  esse,  5;  dicere,  7. 
coluisse,  Aen.  i.  16;  dwcz',  19;  misceri,  124;  />a/i,  219;  /ore,  235. 

With  Adjectives:  decertare,  B.  G.  i.  44,  4;  iurare,  ii.  3,  3;  recipere,  3,  3;  facere, 
Y/SjS*  ^rej  3>  3-     won,  ^4ew.  iv.  564;   certare,  v.  108;   a'ere,  vi.  165;   accendere, 
165;  credere,  173. 

Exclamation:  desistere,  Aen.  i.  37;  posse,  38;  potuisse,  98. 

Historical:  flagitare,  B.  G.  i.  16,  i;  ducere,  16,  4;  dicere,  16,  4;  respondere, 
32,  3;  permanere,  32,  3.  terrere,  Aen.  ii.  98;  parari,  132;  fluere,  169;  trepidare, 
685;  toller  e,  699. 

PURPOSE:  diffundere,  Aen.  i.  319;  audire,  373;  popular  e,  527;  co/^,  iii._77; 
/erre,  v.  248. 

PARTICIPLES 

Present:  inopinantes,  B.  G.  i.  12,  3;  /Zews,  20,  5;  succedentibus,  25,  6;  ^em- 
ew/es,  25,  7;  venientes,  26,  3.  labefactantem,  Cat.  i.  3;  cupientem,  3;  studentem, 
3;  molientem,  5;  sentientem,  6.  dolens,  Aen.  i.  9;  metuens,  23;  servans,  36; 
expirantem,  44;  volutans,  50. 

Perfect:  divisa,  B.  G.  i.  i,  i;  inductus,  2,  i;  adducti,  3,  i;  adducti,  3,  7; 
zm,  5,  4.  constrictam,  Cat.  i.  i;  inclusum,  4;  obsessus,  6;  dimisso,  10;  concitato, 
ii.  laeso,  Aen.  i.  8;  posthabita,  16;  repostum.  26;  flammato,  50;  submersas,  69. 


42  SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 

FUTURE:  futuris,  Aen.  i.  210;  futuris,  429;  futuris,  504;  inspectura,  ii.  47; 
ventura,  125. 

Active  Periphrastic:  obtenturus  esset,  B.  G.  i.  3,  6;  portaturi  erant,  5,  3; 
sw/  erepturi,  17,  4;  gesturi  essent,  iii.  9,  6.  es/  iturus,  Cat.  ii.  15;  sww/  ducturi, 
23;  «/  habiturus,  24;  mm  dicturus,  Pomp.  17;  perfecturus  sit,  45.  dicturus  est, 
Aen.  iii.  1^4. 

Gerundive:  effcminandos,  B.  G.  i.  i,  3;  conficiendas,  3,  2;  conficiendas,  3,  3; 
iurandum,  3,  7;  subeunda,  5,  3.  habendi,  Cat.  i.  i;  deponendam,  4;  reprimendorum, 
7;  interficiendorum,  15;  neglegendas,  18.  volvendis,  Aen.  i.  269;  miranda,  494; 
tremendum,  ii.  199;  horrendos,  ii.  222;  videndam,  589. 

Passive  Periphrastic:  concedendum,  B.  G.  i.  7,  4;  expectandum,  n,  6;  timen- 
dum,  14,  2;  prospiciendum,  23,  i;  mew/  perferendi,  32,  5.  m/  verendum,  Cat. 
i.  5;  es/  admirandum,  7;  habenda  est,  ii;  e5/  periclitanda,  ii;  ferendum,  16. 
quaerendi,  Aen.  ii.  118;  litandum,  118;  temptanda,  176;  ducendum,  232;  oranda, 
232. 

GERUND 

Gerund:  bellandi,  B.  G.  i.  2,  4;  proficiscendum,  3,  i;  deliberandum,  7,  5; 
largiendum,  18,  4;  quaerendo,  18,  10.  custodiendum,  Cat.  i.  19;  vivendum,  29; 
credendo,  30;  impellendo,  ii.  8;  vigilandi,  22.  veniendi,  Aen.  i.  414;  /a«<&,  520; 
fando,  ii.  6;  visendi,  63;  fando,  Si. 

SUPINE 

In  -um:  rogatum,  B.  G.  i.  n,  2;  gratulatum,  30,  i;  postulatum,  31,  9;  questum, 
37,  2;  frumentatum,  iv.  32,  i.  salutatum,  Cat.  i.  10.  servitum,  Aen.  ii.  786; 
venatum,  iv.  117. 

IN  -u:  /ac/w,  5.  G.  i.  3,  6;  /#c/w,  iv.  30,  2.  /acJw,  Ca/.  i.  29;  dzc/w,  Pomp.  42; 
,  65.  vww,  ylew.  i.  in;  <&c/w,  439;  rfz^w,  ii.  174;  <&c/w,  680;  -y^w,  iii.  621. 


EXAMPLES  IN  ORDER  OF  OCCURRENCE 


THE    SAME    EXAMPLES    IN    THEIR    ORDER 
OCCURRENCE  IN  THE  TEXTS 

CAESAR  B.  G.  i1 


OF 


I,  I 

Gallia 

2,  i     Messala 

3,  3    Orgetorix 

divisa 

regni 

sibi 

quarum 

inductus 

suscepit 

imam 

nobilitatis 

3,  4     annos 

incolunt 

civitati 

senatu 

aliam 

finibus 

occuparet 

tertiam 

copiis 

3,  5     tempore 

lingua 

exirent 

civitate 

I,  2 

lingua 

2,  2     esse 

plebi 

Institutis 

virtute 

conaretur 

se 

omnibus 

ei 

differunt 

praestarent 

3,  6    factu 

Aquitanis 

imperio 

esse 

Belgis 

potiri 

illis 

i,3 

horum 

2,  3     eis 

perficere 

cultu 

natura 

obtenturus  esset 

provinciae 

continentur 

possent 

absunt 

dividit 

se 

ea 

monte 

illis 

effeminandos 

flumine 

3,  7    adducti 

pertinent 

2,  4    vagarentur 

iurandum 

Germanis 

finitimis 

regno 

Rhenum 

inferre 

Galliae 

incolunt 

bellandi 

sese 

bellum 

dolore 

potiri 

1,4 

Germanis 

2,  5     multitudine 

4,  i     Helvetiis 

contendunt 

se 

dicere 

finibus 

habere 

sequi 

T»5 

pars 

passuum 

cremaretur  t 

Gallos 

3,  i     rebus 

cremaretur 

obtinere 

adducti 

4,  2     causae 

dictum  est 

proficiscendum 

iudicium 

flumine 

pertinerent  t 

4,  3     rem 

septentriones 

comparare 

exsequi 

1,6 

finibus 

itinere 

conaretur 

partem 

suppeteret 

hominum 

fluminis 

civitatibus 

agris 

septentrionem 

3,  2     conficiendas 

4,  4     consciverit 

i>7 

montes 

biennium 

5,  i     facere 

Oceani 

esse 

exeant  t 

2,  I 

is 

3,  3     conficiendas 

5,  2     arbitrati  sunt 

1  The  letter  t  after  a  word  indicates  that  a  question  of  tense  is  involved. 
abbreviations  and  numerical  references  see  footnote,  p.  33. 

45 


For 


46 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


5,3 

se 

9,2 

his 

16,3 

frumento 

portaturi  erant 

possent 

16,  4 

ducere 

reditionis 

mittunt 

dicere 

spe 

impetrarent 

16,5 

vergobretum 

subeunda 

9,3 

cupiditate 

16,  6 

posset 

essent 

regni 

iis 

mensium 

9,4 

ire 

susceperit 

sibi 

maleficio 

17,3 

possint 

efferre 

10,2 

periculo 

17,4 

Haeduis 

5,4 

Rauracis 

haberet 

sint 

usi 

10,3 

munitioni 

17,6 

potuerit 

consilio 

erat 

18,3 

rerum 

oppidis 

io,5 

die 

annos 

6,1 

possent  t 

n,  i 

Aeduorum 

pretio 

possent 

11,2 

possent 

18,4 

largiendum 

6,2 

multo 

rogatum 

18,  6 

domi 

6,3 

finibus 

«>3 

tempore 

causa 

Allobrogibus 

debuerit  t 

18,  7 

matre 

animo 

11,4 

tempore 

!8,9 

accidat 

ire 

n,5 

sibi 

18,  10 

quaerendo 

paterentur 

11,6 

expectandum 

19,2 

offenderet 

6,4 

rebus 

sibi 

19,3 

conaretur 

die 

pervenirent 

20,  I 

lacrimis 

7,i 

Caesari 

12,  I 

lenitati 

20,  2 

domi 

nuntiatum  esset 

12,3 

inopinantes 

20,3 

opibus 

7,2 

Gallia 

12,5 

exisset 

20,  4 

teneret 

rescindi 

12,6 

populo 

20,5 

flens 

7,3 

f  acti  sunt 

13,1 

posset 

tanti 

dicerent  t 

13,4 

reminisceretur 

condonet 

dicerent 

INCOMMODI 

20,  6 

agat 

animo 

VIRTUTIS 

loquatur 

maleficio 

13,5 

adortus  esset 

21,  I 

cognoscerent 

facere 

possent 

21,  2 

sit 

eius 

14,  I 

eo 

21,4 

rei 

sibi 

14,2 

iniuriae 

22,  I 

passibus 

facere 

sibi 

22,3 

subducit 

liceat 

se 

23,1 

prospiciendum 

7,4 

concedendum 

timendum 

24,  I 

sustineret 

animo 

14,3 

CONTUMELIAE 

24,2 

legionum 

itineris 

14,4 

victoria 

25,3 

sinistra 

7,5 

posset 

gloriarentur 

25,6 

succedentibus 

convenirent 

14,5 

quo 

praesidio 

deliberandum 

scelere 

25,7 

venientes 

reverterentur 

14,6 

sint 

26,1 

proelio 

8,1 

milia 

iis 

26,    2 

pugnatum  sit  t 

pedum 

dentur 

pugnatum  sit 

8,2 

quo 

satisfaciant 

26,3 

venientes  m  ' 

8,3 

legatis 

14,7 

maioribus 

26,4 

impediments 

venit 

consuerint  t 

27,4 

dediticiorum 

conentur 

15,3 

equitum 

28,1 

sibi 

8,4 

fluminis 

15,5 

dies 

28,3 

domi 

erat 

16,  i 

frumentum 

tolerarent 

9,  i 

angustias 

flagitare 

28,4 

Galliae 

EXAMPLES  IN  ORDER  OF  OCCURRENCE 


47 


28, 

5 

virtute 

34, 

2 

ipsi 

40, 

4 

desperarent 

3°i 

i 

gratulatum 

35, 

2 

referret 

40, 

6 

haberet 

3°, 

2 

repetissent 

sibi 

40, 

12 

nihil 

3°, 

3 

domicilio 

35, 

3 

hominum 

42, 

I 

accessisset 

3°, 

5 

concilio 

35, 

4 

sibi 

42, 

4 

circumveniretur 

31, 

4 

arcesserentur 

censuisset 

43, 

5 

haberet 

3i, 

9 

postulatum 

36, 

3 

superati  essent 

43, 

7 

appetissent 

3i, 

12 

vicerit 

36, 

4 

sibi 

44, 

4 

decertare 

31, 

14 

Gallis 

36, 

7 

congrederetur 

44, 

8 

vellet 

3i, 

15 

sumat 

37, 

2 

questum 

veniret 

32, 

2 

Caesar 

38, 

5 

intermittit 

44, 

9 

rerum 

32, 

3 

respondere 

altitudine 

sciret 

permanere 

39, 

I 

dies 

46, 

3 

videbat 

32, 

4 

ADESSET 

magnitudine 

48, 

i 

promovit 

32, 

5 

Sequanis 

perturbaret 

48, 

2 

eum 

perferendi 

39, 

2 

tribunis 

48, 

6 

erat 

33, 

i 

curae 

causa 

deciderat 

33, 

2 

sibi 

39, 

3 

sibi 

48, 

7 

erat 

33, 

4 

exirent 

39, 

6 

posset 

49, 

3 

perterrerent 

33, 

5 

videretur 

40, 

i 

ducerentur 

52, 

5 

insilirent 

34, 

i 

postularent 

40, 

2 

iudicaret 

53, 

i 

pervenerunt 

colloquio 

40, 

4 

vererentur 

53,6 

videbat 

CAESAR  B.  G.  ii 

i, 

i 

demonstravimus 

5, 

2 

salutis 

20, 

3 

vetuerat 

i, 

2 

adduceretur 

5, 

4 

Axonam 

21, 

5 

defuerit  t 

2, 

3 

gerantur 

5, 

6 

pedum 

25, 

i 

posset 

3, 

i 

opinione 

6, 

2 

hominum 

26, 

2 

circumvenirentur 

3, 

3 

dare 

6, 

3 

nulli 

29, 

I 

venirent 

facere 

8, 

2 

patebat 

29, 

4 

Cimbris 

recipere 

10, 

I 

pontem 

3°, 

4 

magnitudine 

iuvare 

ii, 

5 

viderentur 

32, 

I 

attigisset 

4, 

2 

Germanis 

continerentur 

33, 

2 

postulabat 

5, 

2 

rei 

CAESAR  B.  G.  iii 

i, 

3 

arbitraretur 

9, 

6 

acciderent 

18, 

7 

sit  concessum 

4, 

3 

excedebant 

gesturi  essent 

22, 

i 

soldurios 

9, 

2 

potuit 

ii, 

5 

posset 

22, 

3 

recusaret 

9, 

3 

retentos 

12, 

i 

modi 

24, 

2 

existimabant 

coniectos 

afflictarentur 

28, 

I 

exacta  erat 

multum 

12, 

2 

coeperant 

essent 

CAESAR  B.  G.  iv 

i, 

5 

domi 

7, 

3 

resistere 

21, 

7 

regem 

domi 

deprecari 

magni 

I, 

7 

anno 

ii, 

6 

lacesserent 

25, 

3 

desilite 

i, 

8 

multum 

sustinerent 

mjlites 

Tnayimam  partem 

accessisset 

26, 

5 

constiterunt 

2, 

2 

pretio 

12, 

5 

potuit 

27, 

i 

receperunt 

3, 

3 

ceteris 

13, 

4 

legatis 

3°, 

2 

FACTU 

multum 

16, 

6 

Rhenum 

32, 

I 

frumentatum 

5, 

3 

QUORUM 

17, 

2 

proponebatur 

6, 

3 

missas 

20, 

I 

vergit 

48 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


CICERO  CAT.  i 


i     abutere 

3     manu 

6    sentientem 

Catilina 

occidit 

fecerunt 

patientia 

re  publica 

exspectes  t 

furor 

suppliciis 

exspectes 

nos 

coercerent 

muta 

eludet 

Catilina 

mihi 

finem 

4     videret 

crede 

sese 

quid 

obliviscere 

iactabit 

detriment! 

CAEDIS 

nihil 

seditionum 

INCENDIORUM 

te 

patre 

luce 

Palati 

diem 

me 

urbis 

diem 

7     dicere 

populi 

hebescere 

die 

bonorum 

modi 

est  admirandum 

habendi 

inclusum 

optumatium 

senatus 

tabulis 

Roma 

horum 

interfectum  esse 

reprimendorum 

moverunt 

Catilina 

discessu 

patere 

convenit 

8     Kalendis 

consilia 

deponendam 

confideres  t 

sentis 

patres 

confideres 

constrictam 

esse 

audiam 

scientia 

periculis 

recognosce 

teneri 

inertiae 

me 

coniurationem 

nequitiae 

nocte 

quid 

castra 

negare 

egeris 

Italia 

te 

fueris 

faucibus 

fuerunt 

consili 

castrorum 

9     gentium 

quern 

hostium 

urbis 

nostrum 

rei  publicae 

cogitent  t 

2     tempora 

molientem 

cogitent 

mores 

comprehend! 

trucidare 

senatum 

iussero 

oportebat 

consili 

erit  verendum 

nocte 

nostrum 

mihi 

proficisci 

mortem 

me 

te 

te 

factum  esse 

cura 

Catilina 

dicat 

10    coetu 

duci 

factum  esse 

dimisso 

te 

oportuit 

salutatum 

pestem 

factum  esse 

venissent  t 

nos 

fateatur 

sint 

machinaris 

6     erit 

perge 

3     labefactantem 

defendere 

coepisti 

caede 

audeat 

urbe 

vastare 

vivis 

te 

cupientem 

praesidiis 

metu 

rebus 

obsessus 

intersit 

studentem 

possis 

ii    dis 

EXAMPLES  IN  ORDER  OF  OCCURRENCE 


49 


11  habenda  est 
lovi 
effugimus 

est  periclitanda 

mihi 

insidiatus  es 

interficere 

voluisti 

amicorum 

tumultu 

concitato 

petisti 

tibi 

videbam 

12  imperi 
facere 
audeo 
interfici 
iussero 
coniuratorum 
exieris 

urbe 

13  me 
exire 
consulis 
possit  t 
possit 
vitae 
adulescentulo 

14  nuptiis 
videantur 

15  tibi 
scias 
Lepido 

interficiendorum 
causa 

sceleri 
viderentur 

16  tibi 
te 
sit 

videar 
tibi 

contigit 
sis 

vacuef  acta  sunt 

tibi 

adsedisti 

reliquerunt 

animo 

tibi 


1 6  ferendum 

17  pacto 
metuerent 
metuunt 
tibi 

viderem 
conscientia 
agnoscas 
timerent 
ratione 
opinor 

18  modo 
te 
tibi 

neglegendas 
fuerunt 
increpuerit 
opprimar 
desinam 

19  loquatur 
possit 
dedisti 
causa 
dixisti 
quo 
domi 

adservarem 
essem 

contineremur 
quo 

custodiendum 
dignum 
custodia 

20  animo 
poles 
decreverit 
intellegas 
sentiant 
quid 
ecquid 

21  adulescenti 
viro 
dixissem 

22  quid 
nobis 
memoria 
impendeat 
tanti 

sit 

commoveare 

temporibus 


22  is 
revocarit 

23  feceris 
ieris 
laudi 
me 
videaris 

24  quid 
sciam 

praestolarentur 
cui 

sciam 

tibi 

tuis 

cui 

sciam 

26  laetitia 
gaudiis 
iacere 
vigilare 

27  posses 
nominaretur 
mihi 

vita 

28  morte 
commendatione 
neglegis 

29  est 
ego 

FACTU 

iudicarem 

morte 

multari 

vivendum 

redundaret 

animo 

gloriam 

putarem 

30  credendo 
pervenerit 
fateatur 
hoc 

31  homines 
biberunt 

32  secedant 
congregentur 
secernantur 
domi 

sit  inscriptum 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


CICERO  CAT.  ii 


2 

extulit 

10    insidiari 

18 

his 

egressus  est 

12     iussus  est 

19 

premuntur 

ei 

civem 

rerum 

4 

morte 

hostem 

20 

delectantur 

multassem 

13     haesitaret 

velint 

possem 

teneretur 

22 

Catilinae 

EDUXISSET 

scirem 

capillo 

acre 

15     tanti 

vigilandi 

5 

legionibus 

depellatur 

23 

perierit 

mallem 

eat 

sunt  ducturi 

6 

Catilinae 

est  iturus 

24 

sit  habiturus 

lenitati 

audiatis 

25 

deficiant 

exeant 

sit 

26 

sint 

7 

rem  publicam 

sint 

urbi 

annos 

sint  t 

motu 

illo 

1  6     malit 

esset 

8 

impellendo 

OPTEMUS 

27 

sunt 

Romae 

eat 

his 

9 

consumeret 

QUERAMUR 

portis 

10 

nos 

17    Romae 

viae 

rem  publicam 

CICERO  CAT.  iii 


2 

nobis 

8     esset 

3 

diebus 

efferret 

erupit 

sciret 

4 

vidi 

praesidio 

faceret 

incendissent 

videretis 

fecisset 

comperi 

esset 

5 

PRAECLARA 

exciperet 

EGREGIA 

10     sit  t 

sentirent 

Cethego 

opera 

respondisset 

7 

placeret 

dixisset 

10  ferramentorum 

11  vellet 
posset 

1 6  continebatur 

17  sit  inventum  t 

19  flexissent 

20  dies 

21  neget 

22  dicam 

25  diiudicatae  sint  t 

29  est  depulsum 


1  SALUTIS 

pariatur 

2  laeter 

3  movear 

5  me 

6  noctem 
opinione 

7  morte 
punctum 

8  inferos 

9  mea 


CICERO  CAT.  iv 

11  me 
oculos 

12  lenierit 

13  vereamini 
videamini 
multo 

14  habeam 
ordinum 

15  commemorem 

1 6  sit 

17  tabernas 


17  multo 

18  sint 

20  redeo 

FACTORUM 
CONSILIORTJM 

21  Sit 

ornetur 
habeatur 
sit 
anteponatur 

22  possis 


EXAMPLES  IN  ORDER  OF  OCCURRENCE 


i     multo 

6     modi 

10    multo 

videantur  t 

13  defendant 

14  ubertate 

15  facta  est 

1 6  fructui 

17  essem  dicturus 
curae 

parvi 

19     Romae 
22    persequeretur 

26  potuisset 

27  genere 
magnitudine 

HABERETIS 


CICERO  POMP. 

27  virtute 

28  homine 
civitatibus 
nationibus 

31  arbitraretur 

32  praesidio 
querar 
dicam 

33  audiatis  t 

36      CONSIDEREMUS 

39    dicatur  t 

42  DICTU 

transmittendum 
sit 

43  possit 

44  gentium 

sumantur 


45  perfecturus  sit 

48  sit 

49  conferatis 
54  permanserit  t 

58  deberet  t 

59  eo 

62  licuisset 

63  praeponeretis 

64  sunt 

65  DICTU 
inferatur 

66  disputarem 
habetis 

67  VIDEAMUS 

68  nolite  dubitare 
credatis 


1  temporis 
saluti 

2  miretur  t 

3  hominum 


1  anna 
cano 
Troiae 

2  Italiam 
fato 

3  litora 
multum 
terns 
alto 

4  vi 
superum 
lunonis 

5  urbem 

6  deos 
LATIO 

7  Romae 

8  mini 
causas 
laeso 

9  dolens 
deum 
volvere 

11  animis 

12  urbs 
fuit 


CICERO  ARCH. 

3  modi 

13  studiis 

14  parvi 

15  valuisse 

VERGIL  AEN.  i 


18     doctrina 
sanctos 

25  duxerit  t 

26  QUIDDAM 


14 

opum 

33 

condere 

belli 

34 

altum 

15 

quam 

35 

aere 

terns 

36 

luno 

16 

posthabita 

servans 

coluisse 

37 

se 

Samo 

me 

17 

hoc 

incepto 

gentibus 

desistere 

19 

progeniem 

38 

posse 

duci 

avertere 

21 

populum 

39 

fatis 

bello 

40 

submergere 

22 

excidio 

ponto 

Parcas 

43 

ventis 

23 

metuens 

44 

expirantem 

24 

Argis 

45 

turbine 

26 

animo 

scopulo 

repostum 

47 

gente 

27 

formae 

annos 

29 

aequore 

49 

aris 

31 

Latio 

50 

fiammato 

annos 

se 

32 

fatis 

corde 

33 

molis 

volutans 

SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


51 

patriam 

132 

generis 

301 

alarum 

55 

murmure 

133 

numine 

3J3 

ferro 

59 

ferant 

134 

miscere 

3i4 

cui 

se 

135 

componere 

3i7 

fuga 

63 

premere 

137 

regi 

3J9 

DIFFUNDERE 

sciret 

138 

pelagi 

320 

GENU 

64 

vocibus 

140 

Eure 

322 

sororum 

65 

Aeole 

iactet 

325 

Venus 

tibi 

141 

regnet 

326 

mihi 

67 

mihi 

142 

dicto 

sororum 

68 

Italiam 

J52 

conspexere 

328 

HOMINEM 

69 

incute 

156 

flectit 

329 

sanguinis 

ventis 

158 

petere 

332 

iactemur  t 

submersas 

164 

silvis 

335 

honore 

obrue 

166 

scopulis 

336 

virginibus 

70 

age 

167 

saxo 

339 

bello 

disice 

171 

telluris 

34i 

iniuria 

7i 

mihi 

172 

harena 

343 

huic 

corpore 

174 

primum 

auri 

72 

forma 

178 

rerum 

349 

amore 

73 

conubio 

182 

videat  t 

357 

celerare 

74 

meritis 

189 

primum 

359 

argenti 

75 

exigat 

193 

f  undat  t 

361 

quibus 

parentem 

huml 

373 

AUDIRE 

76 

Aeolus 

navibus 

376 

iit 

regina 

203 

meminisse 

377 

ORIS 

77 

explorare 

207 

rebus 

385 

PLURA 

capessere 

2IO 

praedae 

387 

caelestibus 

78 

mihi 

FUTURIS 

389 

perfer 

regni 

215 

bacchi 

392 

docuere 

81 

cuspide 

ferinae 

397 

ludunt 

82 

agmine 

216 

exempta 

398 

cinxere 

83 

data 

218 

credant  t 

402 

dixit 

turbine 

219 

pati 

407 

quid 

84 

mari 

228 

OCULOS 

4i3 

posset 

89 

ponto 

232 

quibus 

414 

veniendi 

92 

Aeneae 

235 

fore 

425 

tecto 

96 

oppetere 

24I 

rex 

429 

FUTURIS 

gentis 

251 

infandum 

43° 

aestate 

98 

potuisse 

257 

metu 

439 

mirabile 

102 

iactanti 

Cytherea 

DICTU 

IO4 

undis 

26l 

remordet 

440 

ulli 

105 

cumulo 

269 

volvendis 

441 

umbrae 

aquae 

mensibus 

445 

saecula 

106 

his 

272 

annos 

458 

ambobus 

109 

aras 

279 

fine 

469 

velis 

in 

miserabile 

286 

nascetur 

470 

somno 

VISU 

origine 

484 

auro 

112 

harenae 

289 

CAELO 

494 

miranda 

122 

compagibus 

297 

Maia 

504 

FUTURIS 

I23 

rimis 

298 

pateant  t 

514 

laetitia 

124 

misceri 

pateant 

520 

introgressi 

EXAMPLES  IN  ORDER  OF  OCCURRENCE 


53 


520 

fandi 

576 

ADFORET 

668 

iactetur 

526 

generi 

579 

ANIMUM 

669 

dolore 

527 

POPULARE 

582 

dea 

671 

vertant 

538 

ORIS 

584 

vidimus 

672 

cardine 

541 

consistere 

589 

OS 

683 

noctem 

544 

quo 

deo 

688 

inspires 

546 

servant 

601 

opis 

689 

dictis 

vescitur 

605 

FERANT 

695 

dicto 

aura 

613 

aspectu 

704 

struere 

549 

paeniteat 

6x6 

ORIS 

706 

onerent 

55i 

liceat 

623 

mihi 

ponant 

554 

petamus 

629 

consistere 

723 

remotae 

564 

moliri 

644 

praemittit 

733 

VELIS 

565 

nesciat 

651 

peteret 

745 

tantum 

574 

mihi 

659 

Ascanio 

75o 

MULTA 

VERGIL    AEN.  ii 


5 

vidi 

J43 

LABORUM 

350 

sequi 

6 

fui 

144 

ANIMI 

354 

sperare 

fando 

160 

MANEAS 

362 

explicet 

8 

temperet 

SERVES 

possit 

10 

cognoscere 

169 

fluere 

380 

PRESSIT 

22 

manebant 

174 

DICTU 

humi 

47 

INSPECTURA 

176 

temptanda 

388 

SEQUAMUR 

48 

equo 

178 

repetant 

390 

requirat 

NE  CREDITE 

reducat 

417 

CONFLIGUNT 

54 

fuisset 

184 

piaret 

439 

FORENT 

57 

MANUS 

189 

violasset 

MORERENTUR 

61 

obtulerat 

191 

convertant 

45i 

succurrere 

63 

visendi 

192 

ascendisset 

455 

manebant 

79 

miserum 

199 

multo 

522 

adforet  t 

81 

fando 

tremendum 

adforet 

pervenit 

216 

auxilio 

533 

tenetur 

84 

vetabat 

219 

capite 

536 

curet 

85 

demisere 

cervicibus 

584 

est 

88 

stabat 

222 

horrendos 

habet 

9i 

concessit 

231 

laeserit  t 

589 

videndam 

94 

tulisset 

laeserit 

599 

resistat 

95 

remeassem 

intorserit  t 

607 

NE  TIME 

98 

terrere 

intorserit 

NEU  RECUSA 

104 

magno 

232 

ducendum 

653 

vellet 

no 

FECISSENT 

oranda 

665 

eripis 

"3 

staret 

248 

esset 

667 

cernam  t 

118 

quaerendi 

268 

quo 

680 

DICTU 

litandum 

292 

possent 

685 

trepidare 

125 

VENTURA 

300 

recessit 

699 

tollere 

132 

parari 

305 

INCIDIT 

711 

sit 

136 

dedissent 

342 

diebus 

743 

venimus 

i39 

poenas 

346 

audierit  t 

773 

nota 

142 

restet 

audierit 

786 

servitum 

54 


SYNTAX  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  LATIN 


VERGIL  AEN.  iii 


36 

secundarent 

162 

Cretae 

456 

adeas 

levarent 

188 

SEQUAMUR 

poscas 

49 

auri 

214 

illis 

461 

liceat 

diffideret 

224 

dapibus 

478 

praeterlabare 

55 

auro 

236 

iussi 

intraro 

77 

COLI 

257 

subigat 

533 

euroo 

ii4 

SEQUAMUR 

262 

sint 

605 

spargite 

"5 

PETAMUS 

309 

tempore 

615 

MANSISSET 

n6 

cursu 

316 

NE  DUBITA 

621 

VISU 

adsit 

334 

Chaonios 

625 

frangeret 

129 

PETAMUS 

387 

possis 

627 

manderet 

i54 

dicturus  est 

453 

tanti 

629 

SUI 

160 

NE  LINQUE 

VERGIL    AEN.  iv 

18 

THALAMI 

292 

speret 

483 

gentis 

24 

optem 

315 

reliqui 

488 

velit 

dehiscat 

3i8 

DOMUS 

497 

IMPONAS 

25 

abigat 

324 

restat 

523 

terras 

27 

violo 

335 

ELISSAE 

536 

sim  dedignata 

36 

Libyae 

349 

considere 

538 

iuvat 

39 

consederis 

356 

love 

564 

mori 

50 

veniam 

357 

auras 

568 

attigerit 

61 

cornua 

377 

love 

578 

ADSIS 

71 

nemora 

394 

cupit 

603 

fuisset 

109 

sequatur 

401 

cernas 

604 

TULISSEM 

117 

venatum 

432 

careat 

605 

IMPLESSEM 

125 

certae 

435 

SORORIS 

606 

EXTINXEM 

145 

altaria 

452 

peragat  t 

DEDISSEM 

182 

mirabile 

relinquat  t 

615 

populi 

221 

FAMAE 

454 

horrendum 

651 

sinebant 

267 

REGNI 

468 

VIAM 

678 

VOCASSES 

RERUM 

479 

reddat 

VERGIL  AEN.  v 

4 

accenderit 

78 

humi 

542 

deiecit 

6 

possit 

108 

certare 

frangeret 

12 

puppi 

174 

sui 

624 

traxerit 

18 

spondeat 

245 

victorem 

796 

liceat 

19 

vespere 

248 

FERRE 

810 

cuperem 

25 

remetior 

4i5 

dabat 

862 

ITER 

65 

extulerit 

486 

velint 

VERGIL    AEN.  vi 

39 

praestiterit 

394 

geniti 

694 

nocerent 

141 

decerpserit 

invicti  essent 

759 

fata 

165 

ciere 

43° 

mortis 

761 

lucis 

accendere 

436 

vellent 

770 

acceperit 

173 

credere 

534 

adires  t 

802 

fixerit 

188 

OSTENDAT 

59i 

simularet 

803 

pacarit 

200 

possent 

621 

auro 

tremefecerit 

354 

deficeret 

622 

pretio 

822 

ferent 

OF  THE 

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OVERDUE. 





IN  STACKS 


MAY  19 153 


" 


OCT.-  j ir 


GCT    261936 


LD  21-100m-8,'34 


/O 


